book

CCTV Surveillance

by Herman Kruegle

March 2011

Intermediate to advanced

672 pages

27h 10m

English

Elsevier Science

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Dedication
1.1. Protection of Assets1.1.1. Overview1.1.2. Background1.2. The Role of Video in Asset Protection1.2.1. Video as Part of the Emergency and Disaster Plan1.2.1.1. Protecting Life and Minimizing Injury1.2.1.2. Reducing Exposure of Physical Assets and Optimizing Loss Control1.2.1.3. Restoring Normal Operations Quickly1.2.1.4. Documenting an Emergency1.2.1.5. Emergency Shutdown and Restoration1.2.1.6. Testing the Plan1.2.1.7. Standby Power and Communications1.2.2. Security Investigations1.2.3. Safety1.2.4. The Role of the Guard1.2.5. Employee Training and Education1.3. Synergy through Integration1.3.1. Integrated Functions1.3.2. System Hardware1.4. Video’s Role and Its Applications1.4.1. Video System Solutions1.4.2. Overt vs. Covert Video1.4.3. Security Surveillance Applications1.4.4. Safety Applications1.4.5. Video Access Control1.5. The Bottom Line
2.1. Overview2.2. The Video System2.2.1. The Role of Light and Reflection2.2.2. The Lens Function2.2.3. The Camera Function2.2.4. The Transmission Function2.2.5. The Monitor Function2.2.6. The Recording Function2.3. Scene Illumination2.3.1. Natural Light2.3.2. Artificial Light2.4. Scene Characteristics2.4.1. Target Size2.4.2. Reflectivity2.4.3. Effects of Motion2.4.4. Scene Temperature2.5. Lenses2.5.1. Fixed-Focal-Length Lens2.5.2. Zoom Lens2.5.3. Vari-Focal Lens2.5.4. Panoramic—360° Lens2.5.5. Covert Pinhole Lens2.5.6. Special Lenses2.6. Cameras2.6.1. The Scanning Process2.6.1.1. Raster Scanning2.6.1.2. Digital and Progressive Scan2.6.2. Solid-State Cameras2.6.2.1. Analog2.6.2.2. Digital2.6.2.3. Internet2.6.3. Low-Light-Level Intensified Camera2.6.4. Thermal Imaging Camera2.6.5. Panoramic 360° Camera2.7. Transmission2.7.1. Hard-Wired2.7.1.1. Coaxial Cable2.7.1.2. Unshielded Twisted Pair2.7.1.3. LAN, WAN, Intranet and Internet2.7.2. Wireless2.7.3. Fiber Optics2.8. Switchers2.8.1. Standard2.8.2. Microprocessor-Controlled2.9. Quads and Multiplexers2.10. Monitors2.10.1. Monochrome2.10.2. Color2.10.3. CRT, LCD, Plasma Displays2.10.4. Audio/Video2.11. Recorders2.11.1. Video Cassette Recorder (VCR)2.11.2. Digital Video Recorder (DVR)2.11.3. Optical Disk2.12. Hard-copy Video Printers2.13. Ancillary Equipment2.13.1. Camera Housings2.13.1.1. Standard-rectangular2.13.1.2. Dome2.13.1.3. Specialty2.13.1.4. Plug and Play2.13.2. Pan/Tilt Mounts2.13.3. Video Motion Detector (VMD)2.13.4. Screen Splitter2.13.5. Camera Video Annotation2.13.5.1. Camera ID2.13.5.2. Time and Date2.13.6. Image Reversal2.14. Summary
3.1. Overview3.2. Video Lighting Characteristics3.2.1. Scene Illumination3.2.1.1. Daytime/Nighttime3.2.1.2. Indoor/Outdoor3.2.2. Light Output3.2.3. Spectral Output3.2.4. Beam Angle3.3. Natural Light3.3.1. Sunlight3.3.2. Moonlight and Starlight3.4. Artificial Light3.4.1. Tungsten Lamps3.4.2. Tungsten-Halogen Lamps3.4.3. High-Intensity-Discharge Lamps3.4.4. Low-Pressure Arc Lamps3.4.5. Compact Short-Arc Lamps3.4.6. Infrared Lighting3.4.6.1. Filtered Lamp Infrared Source3.4.6.2. Infrared-Emitting Diodes3.4.6.3. Thermal (Heat) IR Source3.5. Lighting Design Considerations3.5.1. Lighting Costs3.5.1.1. Operating Costs3.5.1.2. Lamp Life3.5.2. Security Lighting Levels3.5.3. High-Security Lighting3.6. Summary

4.1. Overview4.2. Lens Functions and Properties4.2.1. Focal Length and Field of View4.2.1.1. Field-of-View Calculations4.2.1.1.1. Tables for Scene Sizes vs. FL for 1/4-, 1/3-, and 1/2-Inch Sensors4.2.1.1.2. Tables for Angular FOV vs. FL for 1/4-, 1/3-, and 1/2-Inch Sensor Sizes4.2.1.2. Lens and Sensor Formats4.2.2. Magnification4.2.2.1. Lens–Camera Sensor Magnification4.2.2.2. Monitor Magnification4.2.2.3. Combined Camera and Monitor4.2.3. Calculating the Scene Size4.2.3.1. Converting One Format to Another4.2.4. Calculating Angular FOV4.2.5. Lens Finder Kit4.2.6. Optical Speed: f-number4.2.7. Depth of Field4.2.8. Manual and Automatic Iris4.2.8.1. Manual Iris4.2.8.2. Automatic-Iris Operation4.2.9. Auto-Focus Lens4.2.10. Stabilized Lens4.3. Fixed Focal Length Lens4.3.1. Wide-Angle Viewing4.3.2. Narrow-Angle Telephoto Viewing4.4. Vari-Focal Lens4.5. Zoom Lens4.5.1. Zooming4.5.2. Lens Operation4.5.3. Optical Speed4.5.4. Configurations4.5.5. Manual or Motorized4.5.6. Adding a Pan/Tilt Mechanism4.5.7. Preset Zoom and Focus4.5.8. Electrical Connections4.5.9. Initial Lens Focusing4.5.10. Zoom Pinhole Lens4.5.11. Zoom Lens–Camera Module4.5.12. Zoom Lens Checklist4.6. Pinhole Lens4.6.1. Generic Pinhole Types4.6.2. Sprinkler Head Pinhole4.6.3. Mini-Pinhole4.7. Special Lenses4.7.1. Panoramic Lens—360°4.7.2. Fiber-Optic and Bore Scope Optics4.7.3. Bi-Focal, Tri-Focal Image Splitting Optics4.7.4. Right-Angle Lens4.7.5. Relay Lens4.8. Comments, Checklist and Questions4.9. Summary
5.1. Overview5.2. Camera Function5.2.1. The Scanning Process5.2.2. The Video Signal5.2.2.1. Monochrome Signal5.2.2.2. Color Signal5.3. Camera Types5.3.1. Analog Camera5.3.1.1. Monochrome5.3.1.2. Color—Single Sensor5.3.1.3. Color—Monochrome Switchover5.3.1.4. Color—Three Sensor5.3.2. Digital Camera5.3.2.1. Digital Signal Processing (DSP)5.3.2.2. Smart Camera5.3.2.3. Legal Considerations5.3.3. Internet Camera5.3.3.1. The IP Camera ID5.3.3.2. Remote Viewing5.3.3.3. Compression for Transmission5.3.4. Low Light Level ICCD5.3.5. Thermal IR5.3.6. Universal System Bus (USB)5.4. Basic Sensor Types5.4.1. Solid State—Visible5.4.1.1. Charge Coupled Device (CCD)5.4.1.2. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)5.4.2. ICCD, SIT, ISIT—Visible/Near IR5.4.3. Thermal IR5.4.4. Sensor Fusion—Visible/IR5.5. Camera Features—Analog/Digital5.5.1. Video Motion Detection (VMD)5.5.2. Electronic Zooming5.5.3. Electronic Shuttering5.5.4. White Balance5.5.5. Video Bright Light Compression5.5.6. Geometric Accuracy5.6. Camera Resolution/Sensitivity5.6.1. Vertical Resolution5.6.2. Horizontal Resolution5.6.3. Static vs. Dynamic Resolution5.6.4. Sensitivity5.7. Sensor Formats5.7.1. Solid-State5.7.2. Image Intensifier5.7.3. Thermal IR5.8. Camera Lens Mounts5.8.1. C and CS Mounts5.8.2. Mini-Lens Mounts5.8.3. Bayonet Mount5.8.4. Lens–Mount Interferences5.9. Zoom Lens–camera Module5.10. Panoramic 360° Camera5.11. High Definition Television (HDTV)5.12. Summary
6.1. Overview6.2. Base-band Signal Analysis6.2.1. Video Picture Signal6.2.2. Video Synchronization Signal6.2.3. Voice Signal6.2.4. Control Data Signals6.2.5. Modulation and Demodulation6.2.6. Signal Bandwidth6.3. Wired Video Transmission6.3.1. Coaxial Cable6.3.1.1. Unbalanced Single-Conductor Cable6.3.1.2. Connectors6.3.1.3. Amplifiers6.3.2. Balanced Two-Conductor Twin-axial Cable Transmission6.3.2.1. Indoor Cable6.3.2.2. Outdoor Cable6.3.2.3. Electrical Interference6.3.2.4. Grounding Problems6.3.2.5. Aluminum Cable6.3.2.6. Plenum Cable6.3.3. Two-Wire Cable Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Transmission6.3.3.1. Balanced 2-Wire Attributes6.3.3.2. UTP Technology6.3.3.3. UTP Implementation with Video, Audio, and Control Signals6.3.3.4. Slow-Scan Transmission6.3.4. Fiber-Optic Transmission6.3.4.1. Background6.3.4.2. Simplified Theory6.3.4.3. Cable Types6.3.4.3.1. Multimode Step-Index Fiber6.3.4.3.2. Multimode Graded-Index Fiber6.3.4.3.3. Cable Construction and Sizes6.3.4.3.4. Indoor and Outdoor Cables6.3.4.4. Connectors and Fiber Termination6.3.4.4.1. Coupling Efficiency6.3.4.4.2. Cylindrical and Cone Ferrule Connector6.3.4.4.3. Fiber Termination Kits6.3.4.4.4. Splicing Fibers6.3.4.5. Fiber-Optic Transmitter6.3.4.5.1. Generic Types6.3.4.5.2. Modulation Techniques6.3.4.5.3. Operational Wavelengths6.3.4.6. Fiber-Optic Receiver6.3.4.6.1. Demodulation Techniques6.3.4.7. Multi-Signal, Single-Fiber Transmission6.3.4.8. Fiber Optic—Advantages/Disadvantages6.3.4.8.1. Pro6.3.4.8.2. Con6.3.4.9. Fiber-Optic Transmission: Checklist6.4. Wired Control Signal Transmission6.4.1. Camera/Lens Functions6.4.2. Pan/Tilt Functions6.4.3. Control Protocols6.5. Wireless Video Transmission6.5.1. Transmission Types6.5.2. Frequency and Transmission Path Considerations6.5.3. Microwave Transmission6.5.3.1. Terrestrial Equipment6.5.3.2. Satellite Equipment6.5.3.3. Interference Sources6.5.4. Radio Frequency Transmission6.5.4.1. Transmission Path Considerations6.5.4.2. Radio Frequency Equipment6.5.5. Infrared Atmospheric Transmission6.5.5.1. Transmission Path Considerations6.5.5.2. Infrared Equipment6.6. Wireless Control Signal Transmission6.7. Signal Multiplexing/De-multiplexing6.7.1. Wideband Video Signal6.7.2. Audio and Control Signal6.8. Secure Video Transmission6.8.1. Scrambling6.8.2. Encryption6.9. Cable Television6.10. Analog Transmission Checklist6.10.1. Wired Transmission6.10.1.1. Coaxial Cable6.10.1.2. Two-Wire UTP6.10.1.3. Fiber-Optic Cable6.10.2. Wireless Transmission6.10.2.1. Radio Frequency (RF)6.10.2.2. Microwave6.10.2.3. Infrared6.11. Summary
7.1. Overview7.1.1. Migration from Analog to Digital7.1.2. Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), Wireless LAN (WiFi)7.1.3. Internet7.1.4. Wireless 802.11, Spread Spectrum Modulation (SSM)7.1.5. Digital Video Recorder (DVR), Network DVR (NDVR)7.1.6. Network Security, Hackers, Viruses, Reliability7.2. Communication Channels7.2.1. Wired Channels7.2.1.1. Local Area Network (LAN)7.2.1.2. Power over Ethernet (PoE)7.2.1.3. Wide Area Network (WAN)7.2.1.4. Internet, World Wide Web (WWW)7.2.1.5. Leased Land Lines, DSL, Cable7.2.1.5.1. PSTN-ISDN Link7.2.1.5.2. DSL Link7.2.1.5.3. T1 and T3 Links7.2.1.5.4. Cable7.2.1.6. Fiber Optic7.2.2. Wireless Channels7.2.2.1. Wireless LAN (WLAN, WiFi)7.2.2.2. Mesh Network7.2.2.3. Multiple Input/Multiple Output (MIMO)7.2.2.4. Environmental Factors: Indoor–Outdoor7.2.2.5. Broadband Microwave7.2.2.6. Infrared (IR)7.3. Video Image Quality7.3.1. Quality of Service (QoS)7.3.2. Resolution vs. Frame Rate7.3.3. Picture Integrity, Dropout7.4. Video Signal Compression7.4.1. Lossless Compression7.4.2. Lossy Compression7.4.2.1. Direct Cosine Transform (DCT)7.4.2.2. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)7.4.3. Video Compression Algorithms7.4.3.1. Joint Picture Experts Group: JPEG7.4.3.2. Moving—Joint Picture Experts Group: M-JPEG7.4.3.3. Moving Picture Experts Group: MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-4 Visual7.4.3.3.1. MPEG-2 Standard7.4.3.3.2. MPEG-4 Standard7.4.3.3.3. MPEG-4 Visual Standard7.4.3.4. MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC)/H.2647.4.3.5. JPEG 2000, Wavelet7.4.3.6. Other Compression Methods: H.263, SMICT7.4.3.6.1. H.263 Standard7.4.3.6.2. SMICT Standard7.5. Internet-Based Remote Video Monitoring—Network Configurations7.5.1. Point to Multi-Point7.5.2. Point to Point7.5.3. Multi-Point to Point7.5.4. Video Unicast and Multicast7.6. Transmission Technology Protocols: WiFi, Spread Spectrum Modulation (SSM)7.6.1. Spread Spectrum Modulation (SSM)7.6.1.1. Background7.6.1.2. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Technology (FHSS)7.6.1.3. Slow Hoppers7.6.1.4. Fast Hoppers7.6.1.5. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)7.6.2. WiFi Protocol: 802.11 Standards7.6.2.1. 802.11b Standard7.6.2.2. 802.11a Standard7.6.2.3. 802.11g Standard7.6.2.4. 802.11n Standard7.6.2.5. 802.11i Standard7.6.3. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)7.7. Transmission Network Security7.7.1. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)7.7.2. Virtual Private Network (VPN)7.7.3. WiFi Protected Access (WPA)7.7.4. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Digital Encryption Standard (DES)7.7.5. Firewalls, Viruses, Hackers7.8. Internet Protocol Network Camera, Address7.8.1. Internet Protocol Network Camera7.8.2. Internet Protocol Camera Protocols7.8.3. Internet Protocol Camera AddressMethod 1Method 2Method 37.9. Video Server, Router, Switch7.9.1. Video Server7.9.2. Video Router/Access Point7.9.3. Video Switch7.10. Personal Computer, Laptop, PDA, Cell Phone7.10.1. Personal Computer, Laptop7.10.2. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)7.10.3. Cell Phone7.11. Internet Protocol Surveillance Systems: Features, Checklist, Pros, Cons7.11.1. Features7.11.2. Checklist7.11.3. Pros7.11.4. Cons7.12. Summary
8.1. Overview8.2. Analog Monitor8.2.1. Cathode Ray Tube Technology8.2.1.1. Beam Deflection8.2.1.2. Spot Size, Resolution8.2.1.3. Phosphors8.2.1.4. Interlacing and Flicker8.2.1.5. Brightness8.2.1.6. Audio/Video8.2.1.7. Standards8.2.2. Monochrome Monitor8.2.3. Color Monitor8.2.4. Color Model8.3. Flat-Screen Digital Monitor8.3.1. Digital Technology8.3.1.1. Pixels, Resolution8.3.2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)8.3.2.1. Brightness8.3.2.2. Liquid Crystal Display Modes of Operation8.3.3. Plasma8.3.4. Organic LED (OLED)8.4. Monitor Display Formats8.4.1. Standard 4:38.4.2. High Definition 16:98.4.3. Split-Screen Presentation8.4.4. Screen Size, Resolution8.4.5. Multistandard, Multi-Sync8.4.6. Monitor Magnification8.5. Interfacing Analog Signal to Digital Monitor8.6. Merging Video with PCs8.7. Special Features8.7.1. Interactive Touch-Screen8.7.1.1. Infrared8.7.1.2. Resistive8.7.1.3. Capacitive8.7.1.4. Projected Capacitance Technology (PCT)8.7.2. Anti-Glare Screen8.7.3. Sunlight-Readable Display8.8. Receiver/Monitor, Viewfinder, Mobile Display8.9. Projection Display8.10. Summary
9.1. Overview9.1.1. Analog Video Cassette Recorder (VCR)9.1.2. Digital Video Recorder (DVR)9.1.2.1. DVR in a Box9.1.2.2. Basic DVR9.1.2.3. Multiplex DVR9.1.2.4. Multi-channel DVR9.1.2.5. Network Video Recorder (NVR)9.2. Analog Video Recorder9.2.1. Video Cassette Recorder9.2.2. VCR Formats9.2.2.1. VHS, VHS-C, S-VHS9.2.2.2. 8 mm, Hi-8 Sony9.2.2.3. Magnetic Tape Types9.2.3. Time-Lapse (TL) VCR9.2.4. VCR Options9.2.4.1. Camera Switching/Selecting9.2.4.2. RS-232 Communications9.2.4.3. Scrambling9.2.4.4. On-Screen Annotating and Editing9.3. Digital Video Recorder (DVR)9.3.1. DVR Technology9.3.1.1. Digital Hardware Advances9.3.1.1.1. Hard Disk Drive storage9.3.1.1.2. Video Motion Detection (VMD)9.3.1.1.3. Optical-Disk Image Storage9.3.1.1.4. Non-Erasable, Write-Once Read-Many (WORM) Disk9.3.1.1.5. Erasable Optical Disk9.3.1.1.6. Digital Audio Tape (DAT)9.3.1.2. Digital Storage Software Advances9.3.1.3. Transmission Advances9.3.1.4. Communication Control9.3.2. DVR Generic Types9.3.2.1. DVR in a Box9.3.2.2. DVR Basic Plug-and-Play VCR Replacement9.3.2.3. Multiplex9.3.2.4. Multi-Channel9.3.2.4.1. Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)9.3.2.5. Network Video Recorder (NVR)9.3.2.6. Hybrid NVR/DVR System9.3.3. DVR Operating Systems (OS)9.3.3.1. Windows 9X, NT, XP, and 2000 Operating Systems9.3.3.2. UNIX9.3.4. Mobile DVR9.3.5. Digital Compression, Encryption9.3.5.1. JPEG9.3.5.2. MPEG-X9.3.5.3. Wavelet9.3.5.4. SMICT9.3.6. Image Quality9.3.6.1. Resolution9.3.6.2. Frame Rate9.3.6.3. Bandwidth9.3.7. Display Format—CIF9.3.8. Network/DVR Security9.3.8.1. Authentication9.3.8.2. Watermark9.3.8.3. Virtual Private Network (VPN)9.3.8.3.1. Trusted VPNs9.3.8.3.2. Secure VPNs9.3.8.3.3. Hybrid VPNs9.3.8.4. Windows Operating System9.3.9. VCR/DVR Hardware/Software Protection9.3.9.1. Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)9.3.9.2. Grounding9.3.9.3. Analog/Digital Hardware Precautions9.3.9.4. Maintenance9.4. Video Recorder Comparison: Pros, Cons9.4.1. VCR Pros and Cons9.4.2. DVR Pros and Cons9.5. Checklist and Guidelines9.5.1. Checklist9.5.2. Guidelines9.6. Summary
10.1. Overview10.2. Background10.3. Printer Technology10.3.1. Thermal10.3.1.1. Monochrome10.3.1.2. Wax Transfer10.3.1.3. Color-Dye Diffusion10.3.2. Ink Jet, Bubble Jet10.3.3. Laser, LED10.3.4. Dye-Diffusion, Wax-Transfer10.3.5. Film10.4. Printer Comparison10.4.1. Resolution and Speed10.4.2. Hardware, Ink Cartridge Cost Factors10.4.3. Paper Types10.5. Summary
11.1. Overview11.2. Background and Evolution11.2.1. Small System Switchers11.2.2. Midsize Systems11.2.3. Analog Matrix Switcher11.2.4. Digital Matrix Switcher11.2.5. Virtual Matrix Switcher11.3. Small Analog System Switcher Types11.3.1. Manual11.3.2. Homing Sequential11.3.3. Bridging Sequential11.3.4. Looping-Sequential11.3.5. Alarming11.3.6. Synchronous, Non-Synchronous Video Signal11.3.7. Switcher Choice11.4. Matrix Switcher11.4.1. Analog Technology11.4.2. Matrix Switcher Control Functions and Features11.4.3. Multiple Locations11.4.4. Digital Switcher11.5. Virtual Matrix Switcher (VMS)11.5.1. Evolution11.5.2. Technology11.5.3. Remote/Multiple Site Monitoring11.5.4. Features and Advantages11.6. Summary
12.1. Overview12.2. Background12.3. Quad Split-Screen Displays12.3.1. Quad-4 Image12.3.2. Multi-Image 9, 16, 3212.4. Multiplexer Technology12.4.1. Image Rate vs. Number of Cameras12.4.2. Encoder/Decoder12.5. Hardware Implementation12.5.1. Simplex12.5.2. Duplex/Full Duplex12.5.3. Triplex12.6. Recording and Playback12.6.1. Analog and Digital Recording12.6.2. Video Playback12.7. Video Motion Detection12.8. Alarm Response12.9. Integrated Multiplexer and DVR12.10. Remote Distributed Multiplexing12.11. Summary
13.1. Overview13.2. Background13.3. Functional Operation13.3.1. Surveillance13.3.2. Detection Probability13.3.3. Motion Assessment13.3.4. Scene Lighting13.3.5. Training Function13.4. Analog Video Motion Detector (AVMD)13.4.1. Technology13.5. Digital Video Motion Detector (DVMD)13.5.1. Mode of Operation13.5.2. Technology13.5.2.1. Programming the digital VMD13.5.2.2. DVMD Setup Procedures13.5.2.3. Sensitivity Settings13.5.2.4. Motion Detection Sensitivity13.5.3. Hardware13.5.3.1. Normal Mode13.5.3.2. Trace Mode13.5.3.3. DVMD Graphic Site Display Maps13.5.4. Features13.6. Guidelines, Pros and Cons13.7. Summary
14.1. Overview14.2. Speed-Dome Background14.3. Fixed Dome14.3.1. Technology14.3.2. Housing14.3.3. Hardware14.4. Speed Dome14.4.1. Technology14.4.2. Housing14.4.3. Hardware14.5. Dome Mounting Hardware14.5.1. Fixed Dome14.5.2. Moveable Speed Dome14.6. Cabling-Video Signal and Controls14.7. Special Features14.8. Special Applications14.8.1. Outdoor Building Mounts14.8.2. Pole Mounts14.9. Summary
15.1. Overview15.2. Indoor Housings15.2.1. Functional Requirements15.2.2. Indoor Types15.3. Outdoor Housings15.3.1. Functional Requirements15.3.2. Outdoor Design Materials15.3.3. Outdoor Types15.4. Integrated Cameras15.4.1. Indoor15.4.2. Outdoor15.5. Specialty Housings15.5.1. High Security15.5.2. Elevator15.5.3. Dust-Proof and Explosion-Proof15.5.4. Pressurized and Air- or Water-Cooled15.6. NEMA Environmental Ratings15.7. Housing Accessories15.8. Housing Guidelines15.9. Summary
16.1. Overview16.2. Electronic Image Splitting—Multiple Image Displays16.2.1. Electronic Image-Splitting16.2.2. Picture-in-a-Picture16.3. Video Text, Graphics Annotation16.3.1. Time/Date Generator16.3.2. Camera ID, Title Inserter16.3.3. Message Generator16.3.4. Transaction Inserter16.4. Image Reversal16.5. Pre- and Post-Alarm Video Recording16.6. Alarms Over Video Cable16.7. Multiple Camera Synchronizing Generator16.8. Summary
17.1. Overview17.2. Scene Coverage Required17.2.1. Point Scenes17.2.2. Area Scenes17.2.3. Volume Scenes17.3. Panning and Tilting17.4. Pan/Tilt Mechanism17.5. Mechanical Configurations17.5.1. Above-Mounted17.5.2. Side-Mounted17.6. Indoor17.7. Outdoor17.7.1. Materials and Design17.7.2. Wind Loading17.7.3. Ice and Snow Loading17.7.4. Temperature17.7.5. Precipitation Dust, Dirt, and Corrosion17.7.6. Outdoor Domes17.7.7. Rugged-Precision Platform17.8. Pan/Tilt—Components vs. Integrated System17.9. Pan/Tilt/Lens Control Techniques17.10. Pan/Tilt Mounting17.11. Slip-Rings and Optical-Couplers17.12. High-Speed Video-Dome PTZ Systems17.12.1. Background17.12.2. Technology17.12.2.1. Pan/Tilt Mechanism17.12.2.2. Camera, Lens17.12.3. Hardware: Domes, Pan/Tilt Cameras17.12.3.1. American Dynamic17.12.3.2. General Electric17.12.3.3. Panasonic17.12.3.4. Pelco17.12.3.5. Sony17.13. Covert Mirror Pan/Tilt System17.14. Gimbal Mounting17.15. Servicing17.15.1. Cabling17.15.2. Mechanical17.15.3. Environmental17.16. Summary
18.1. Overview18.2. Covert Techniques—Background18.3. Covert Lens/Camera Types18.3.1. Pinhole Lenses18.3.2. Convertible Pinhole Lens Kit18.3.3. Mini-Lenses18.3.3.1. Off-Axis Optics18.3.3.2. Optical Attenuation Techniques18.3.3.3. Mini-Camera/Mini-Lens Combination18.3.4. Comparison of Pinhole Lens and Mini-Lens18.3.5. Sprinkler-Head Pinhole Lenses18.3.6. Mirror-Pinhole Lens18.3.7. Fiber-Optic Lenses18.3.7.1. Configuration18.3.7.2. Rigid Fiber Pinhole Lens18.3.7.3. Flexible Fiber18.3.7.4. Image Quality18.3.8. Bore-Scope Lenses18.4. Special Covert Cameras18.4.1. PC-Board Cameras18.4.2. Remote-Head Cameras18.5. Infrared Covert Lighting18.5.1. Concealment Means18.5.2. IR Sources18.6. Low-light-level Cameras18.7. Imbeded Covert Camera Configurations18.8. Wireless Transmission18.9. Covert Checklist18.10. Summary
19.1. Overview19.2. History and Background19.3. Image-Intensifying Mechanism19.4. Active vs. Passive19.4.1. Active Image Converter19.4.2. Passive Image Intensifier19.5. GEN 1 Image Intensifier19.6. GEN 2 Micro-Channel Plate Image Intensifier19.6.1. Sensitivity19.6.2. Resolution19.6.3. Light Overload19.6.4. Gating MCP Image Intensifier19.7. GEN 3 Image Intensifier19.8. Intensified CCD Camera19.8.1. GEN 1 Coupled to CCD Camera19.8.2. GEN 2 Coupled to CCD Camera19.8.3. Comparison of Intensifier Sensitivities19.9. SIT and Intensified SIT Cameras19.9.1. Sensitivity/Gain Mechanism19.9.2. Resolution and Image Lag19.9.3. Light-Level Overload19.10. Multi-Sensor Cameras—Image Fusion19.10.1. Multi-Sensor19.10.2. Sensor Fusion19.11. Thermal-IR Cameras19.11.1. Background19.11.2. Micro-Bolometer19.11.3. Infrared Optics19.12. Low-Light-Level Optics19.12.1. Comparison of Eye and LLL Camera Optics19.12.2. Low Light Level Objective Lenses19.13. Target Detection and Recognition Parameters19.14. Summary
20.1. Overview20.2. Human Engineering20.2.1. Viewing Angles20.2.2. Viewing Distance vs. Monitor Size20.2.3. Guard/Monitor Console Configurations20.2.4. Split-Screen Monitor Displays20.3. Security Operator Tasks20.4. Control Room Layout, Location20.5. Console Design20.5.1. Video Monitors20.5.2. Full-Screen, Split-Screen, and Sequencing Monitor Presentation20.6. International Control Room Standard20.7. Checklist20.8. Summary
21.1. Overview21.2. System Requirements21.3. Technology21.3.1. Hardware21.3.2. System Operation21.3.3. Remote Monitoring, Command, and Control21.4. Applications and Scenario21.4.1. VIP on Travel21.4.2. Vehicle, Boat, and Aircraft Protection21.4.3. Options and Accessories21.5. Summary
22.1. Overview22.2. Lobby Surveillance22.2.1. Case: Analog Three-Camera Video Lobby Surveillance System22.2.2. Lobby Video Checklist22.3. Elevator Surveillance22.3.1. 100% Viewing of Elevator Cab22.3.2. Case: Analog Six-Camera Video Elevator Cab and Lobby System22.3.3. Elevator Video Checklist22.4. Office Surveillance22.4.1. Case: Analog/Digital Six-Camera Office Video System22.4.2. Office Covert Video Checklist22.5. Retail Store Surveillance22.5.1. Small Retail Stores22.5.2. Large Retail Stores22.5.2.1. Overt Showroom Floor Surveillance22.5.2.2. Covert Showroom Floor Surveillance22.5.2.3. Case: Analog/Digital Eight-Camera Showroom Floor Video System22.5.2.4. Showroom Floor Video Checklist22.6. Video Rapid Deployment System (RDS)22.6.1. Case: Analog/Wired/Wireless Rapid Deployment Video System22.6.2. RDS System Checklist22.7. Outdoor Parking Lot and Perimeter Surveillance22.7.1. Case: Digital Wireless Twelve-Camera Parking Lot and Perimeter Video System22.7.2. Parking Lot/Perimeter Video Checklist22.8. Single Site Digital Video over Wired and Wireless Network22.8.1. Case: Digital Video Surveillance at Distribution Warehouse22.8.2. Distribution Warehouse Checklist22.9. Multiple Site Digital Video over Internet22.9.1. Case: Digital Video and Control over Internet to Remote Sites22.9.2. Internet to Remote Site Checklist22.10. Correctional Facility Surveillance22.10.1. Overt Surveillance22.10.1.1. Perimeter22.10.1.2. Cell Blocks and Activity Areas22.10.2. Covert Surveillance22.11. Banking and Financial Surveillance22.11.1. Public Areas22.11.2. Computer, Vault, and Money-Counting Rooms22.11.3. Check Identification22.11.4. Automatic Teller Machine22.11.5. Auto-Teller Drive-In22.12. Lodging and Casino Surveillance Areas22.12.1. Hallway or Corridor22.12.2. Casino Floor22.13. Airport, Seaport, and Highway Surveillance22.14. Video Access Control22.14.1. Video ID System22.14.2. Video Storage and Retrieval System22.14.3. Video Turnstile22.14.4. Video Portal22.14.5. Video Vehicle Control22.14.6. Video Facial Recognition22.14.7. Video Iris and Retina Personnel Identification22.15. Video to Train Security Personnel22.16. Choosing a Professional Security Designer and Installer22.17. Video Applications Checklist22.18. Summary
23.1. Overview23.2. AC Power23.3. DC Power23.3.1. DC Power Supply23.3.2. Batteries23.3.2.1. Lead-Acid23.3.2.2. Carbon–Zinc23.3.2.3. Nickel Cadmium23.3.2.4. Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)23.3.2.5. Lithium23.3.2.6. Alkaline23.3.2.7. Mercury23.4. Power-Line Disturbances23.4.1. Voltage Surges23.4.2. Voltage Spikes23.4.3. Voltage Dips23.4.4. Brownouts23.4.5. Blackouts23.4.6. Electrical Noise23.5. Equipment Requiring Backup Power23.6. Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) Systems23.6.1. On-Line UPS System23.6.2. Line-Conditioner UPS23.6.3. Line-Interactive UPS23.7. Solar Power23.7.1. Silicon Solar Cells23.7.2. Flexible Solar Panel Array23.7.3. Solar Powered Wireless Video23.8. Power/Signal Distribution System23.8.1. Parallel Network23.8.2. Radial Network23.9. Ground Loops23.10. Summary
24.1. Overview24.2. Integration Evolution24.3. Integration Function24.3.1. Security System Integration24.3.2. Overall Facility Control24.4. Technology and Equipment24.5. Potential Problems-Solutions24.6. Summary
25.1. Overview25.2. Video Signal Test Equipment25.2.1. Waveform Monitor25.2.2. Vectorscope25.2.3. Hand-Held Meters25.3. Digital Signal Test Equipment25.4. Wireless RF and Microwave Meters25.5. Visible Light Illumination and IR Power Level Meters25.6. Optical Design and Test Devices25.6.1. Lens Field of View (FOV) Calculator25.6.2. Fiber-Optic Transmission Meters25.6.3. Hidden Camera Detector25.7. Summary
26.1. Overview26.2. Checklist26.2.1. General26.2.2. Electrical26.2.2.1. Power26.2.2.2. Control26.2.3. Mechanical26.2.4. Lighting26.2.5. Cameras26.2.6. Video Motion Detector26.2.7. Optical26.2.8. Transmission26.2.9. Security/Encryption26.2.10. Recording, Printing26.2.11. Console26.2.12. Integration26.3. Video Project Checklist Form26.4. Summary
27.1. Overview27.2. Educational Seminars, Exhibitions27.3. Industry Associations27.4. Standards—Laboratory Testing27.5. Certification27.6. Summary
28.1. Overview28.2. Camera Technology28.2.1. Smart Cameras28.2.2. Infrared Cameras28.2.3. Millimeter Wave Technology28.2.4. Two Camera Three Dimensions (3D)28.2.5. Multi-Camera Three Dimensions (3D)28.2.6. Hybrid Eye Camera28.3. Monitor Display Technology28.3.1. Organic LED28.3.2. Three-Dimensional Monitor28.4. Video Recording28.5. Integrated Systems28.6. Remote Surveillance28.7. Transmission28.8. Summary
Chapter 1Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 5Chapter 6Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Chapter 10Chapter 19Chapter 23Chapter 24Chapter 18Chapter 23Chapter 24Chapter 25Chapter 27Chapter 28Other Video References

Overview

This revision of the classic book on CCTV technology, CCTV Surveillance, provides a comprehensive examination of CCTV, covering the applications of various systems, how to design and install a system, and how to choose the right hardware. Taking into account the ever-changing advances in technology using digital techniques and the Internet, CCTV Surveillance, Second Edition, is completely updated with the recent advancements in digital cameras and digital recorders, remote monitoring via the Internet, and CCTV integration with other security systems.

Continuing in the celebrated tradition of the first edition, the second edition is written to serve as a useful resource for the end-user as well as the technical practitioner. Each chapter begins with an overview, and presents the latest information on the relevant equipment, describing the characteristics, features and application of each device. Coverage of aging or obsolete technology is reduced to a historical perspective, and eight brand new chapters cover digital video technology, multiplexers, integrated camera-lens-housing, smart domes, and rapid deployment CCTV systems.

* Serves as an indispensable resource on CCTV theory
* Includes eight new chapters on the use of digital components and other related technologies that have seen a recent explosion in use
* Fully illustrated, the book contains completely updated photographs and diagrams that represent the latest in CCTV technology advancements