2Beyond Exit and Voice in Enduring Welfare Services

Citizens as Co-Producers?

A. Exit and Voice in Relation to Goods and Services

Both exit and voice are related to the nature of goods and services. It is necessary to distinguish between durable and non-durable goods and also to differentiate between enduring and non-enduring services. Differences between various types of goods and services make exit and voice more or less relevant as a means for consumer redress if they are dissatisfied. However, the transaction costs of exiting from enduring social services have not received enough attention from scholars. This chapter attempts to rectify that shortcoming.

A.1 Exit, Voice, Loyalty and Goods

Almost 50 years ago, A. Hirschman (1970) initiated ...

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