A complex adaptive system is a system where each of the parts may be perfectly understood, but the behavior of the system as a whole cannot necessarily be predicted. The characteristics of such systems and their relevance to system design have been recognized for many years. Douglas Hofstadter, in his 1979 work on artificial intelligence, Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid,1 recognized the importance of the emergent behaviors that come from these systems. By the 1990s, commodity hardware powerful enough to efficiently run large-scale agent simulations ...
2. An Overview of Complex Adaptive Systems
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