Appendix D
Formula Derivation in Chapter 7
The derivation of Eq. (7.11) is as follows:
(D.1) 
Thus,
(D.2) 
Using Eqs. (7.5) and (7.8), the gradient above can be written as
(D.3) 
The derivation of Eq. (7.20) is as follows:
(D.4) 
Thus,
(D.5) 
Using Eqs. (7.8) and (7.18), the gradient above can be written as
(D.6) 
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