9 New Ways of Computing
BY THE MID-1960s data-processing computers for business had become well established. The commercial computer installation was characterized by a large, centralized computer manufactured by IBM or one of the other half-dozen mainframe computer companies, running a batch-processing or real-time application. The role of the user in this computing environment was to feed data into the computer system and interact with it in the very restricted fashion determined by the application – whether it was an airline reservations system or an Automated Teller Machine. In the case of the latter, users were probably unaware that they were using a computer at all. In a period of twenty years, computer ...
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