book

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition

by David J. Wetherall, Andrew S. Tanenbaum

September 2010

Intermediate to advanced

960 pages

31h 54m

English

Pearson

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1.1 Uses of Computer Networks1.1.1 Business Applications1.1.2 Home Applications1.1.3 Mobile Users1.1.4 Social Issues1.2 Network Hardware1.2.1 Personal Area Networks1.2.2 Local Area Networks1.2.3 Metropolitan Area Networks1.2.4 Wide Area Networks1.2.5 Internetworks1.3 Network Software1.3.1 Protocol Hierarchies1.3.2 Design Issues for the Layers1.3.3 Connection-Oriented Versus Connectionless Service1.3.4 Service Primitives1.3.5 The Relationship of Services to Protocols1.4 Reference Models1.4.1 The OSI Reference Model1.4.2 The TCP/IP Reference Model1.4.3 The Model Used in This Book1.4.4 A Comparison of the OSI and TCP/IP Reference Models*1.4.5 A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols*1.4.6 A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model*1.5 Example Networks1.5.1 The Internet1.5.2 Third-Generation Mobile Phone Networks*1.5.3 Wireless LANs: 802.11*1.5.4 RFID and Sensor Networks*1.6 Network Standardization*1.6.1 Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World1.6.2 Who’s Who in the International Standards World1.6.3 Who’s Who in the Internet Standards World1.7 Metric Units1.8 Outline of the Rest of the Book1.9 Summary
2.1 The Theoretical Basis for Data Communication2.1.1 Fourier Analysis2.1.2 Bandwidth-Limited Signals2.1.3 The Maximum Data Rate of a Channel2.2 Guided Transmission Media2.2.1 Magnetic Media2.2.2 Twisted Pairs2.2.3 Coaxial Cable2.2.4 Power Lines2.2.5 Fiber Optics2.3 Wireless Transmission2.3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum2.3.2 Radio Transmission2.3.3 Microwave Transmission2.3.4 Infrared Transmission2.3.5 Light Transmission2.4 Communication Satellites*2.4.1 Geostationary Satellites2.4.2 Medium-Earth Orbit Satellites2.4.3 Low-Earth Orbit Satellites2.4.4 Satellites Versus Fiber2.5 Digital Modulation and Multiplexing2.5.1 Baseband Transmission2.5.2 Passband Transmission2.5.3 Frequency Division Multiplexing2.5.4 Time Division Multiplexing2.5.5 Code Division Multiplexing2.6 The Public Switched Telephone Network2.6.1 Structure of the Telephone System2.6.2 The Politics of Telephones2.6.3 The Local Loop: Modems, ADSL, and Fiber2.6.4 Trunks and Multiplexing2.6.5 Switching2.7 The Mobile Telephone System*2.7.1 First-Generation (coco1G) Mobile Phones: Analog Voice2.7.2 Second-Generation (2G) Mobile Phones: Digital Voice2.7.3 Third-Generation (3G) Mobile Phones: Digital Voice and Data2.8 Cable Television*2.8.1 Community Antenna Television2.8.2 Internet over Cable2.8.3 Spectrum Allocation2.8.4 Cable Modems2.8.5 ADSL Versus Cable2.9 Summary
3.1 Data Link Layer Design Issues3.1.1 Services Provided to the Network Layer3.1.2 Framing3.1.3 Error Control3.1.4 Flow Control3.2 Error Detection and Correction3.2.1 Error-Correcting Codes3.2.2 Error-Detecting Codes3.3 Elementary Data Link Protocols3.3.1 A Utopian Simplex Protocol3.3.2 A Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol for an Error-Free Channel3.3.3 A Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol for a Noisy Channel3.4 Sliding Window Protocols3.4.1 A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol3.4.2 A Protocol Using Go-Back-N3.4.3 A Protocol Using Selective Repeat3.5 Example Data Link Protocols3.5.1 Packet over SONET3.5.2 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop)3.6 Summary
4.1 The Channel Allocation Problem4.1.1 Static Channel Allocation4.1.2 Assumptions for Dynamic Channel Allocation4.2 Multiple Access Protocols4.2.1 ALOHA4.2.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols4.2.3 Collision-Free Protocols4.2.4 Limited-Contention Protocols4.2.5 Wireless LAN Protocols4.3 Ethernet4.3.1 Classic Ethernet Physical Layer4.3.2 Classic Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol4.3.3 Ethernet Performance4.3.4 Switched Ethernet4.3.5 Fast Ethernet4.3.6 Gigabit Ethernet4.3.7 10-Gigabit Ethernet4.3.8 Retrospective on Ethernet4.4 Wireless Lans4.4.1 The 802.11 Architecture and Protocol Stack4.4.2 The 802.11 Physical Layer4.4.3 The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol4.4.4 The 802.11 Frame Structure4.4.5 Services4.5 Broadband Wireless*4.5.1 Comparison of 802.16 with 802.11 and 3G4.5.2 The 802.16 Architecture and Protocol Stack4.5.3 The 802.16 Physical Layer4.5.4 The 802.16 MAC Sublayer Protocol4.5.5 The 802.16 Frame Structure4.6 Bluetooth*4.6.1 Bluetooth Architecture4.6.2 Bluetooth Applications4.6.3 The Bluetooth Protocol Stack4.6.4 The Bluetooth Radio Layer4.6.5 The Bluetooth Link Layers4.6.6 The Bluetooth Frame Structure4.7 RFID*4.7.1 EPC Gen 2 Architecture4.7.2 EPC Gen 2 Physical Layer4.7.3 EPC Gen 2 Tag Identification Layer4.7.4 Tag Identification Message Formats4.8 Data Link Layer Switching4.8.1 Uses of Bridges4.8.2 Learning Bridges4.8.3 Spanning Tree Bridges4.8.4 Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, and Gateways4.8.5 Virtual LANs4.9 Summary
5.1 Network Layer Design Issues5.1.1 Store-and-Forward Packet Switching5.1.2 Services Provided to the Transport Layer5.1.3 Implementation of Connectionless Service5.1.4 Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service5.1.5 Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and Datagram Networks5.2 Routing Algorithms5.2.1 The Optimality Principle5.2.2 Shortest Path Algorithm5.2.3 Flooding5.2.4 Distance Vector Routing5.2.5 Link State Routing5.2.6 Hierarchical Routing5.2.7 Broadcast Routing5.2.8 Multicast Routing5.2.9 Anycast Routing5.2.10 Routing for Mobile Hosts5.2.11 Routing in Ad Hoc Networks5.3 Congestion Control Algorithms5.3.1 Approaches to Congestion Control5.3.2 Traffic-Aware Routing5.3.3 Admission Control5.3.4 Traffic Throttling5.3.5 Load Shedding5.4 Quality of Service5.4.1 Application Requirements5.4.2 Traffic Shaping5.4.3 Packet Scheduling5.4.4 Admission Control5.4.5 Integrated Services5.4.6 Differentiated Services5.5 Internetworking5.5.1 How Networks Differ5.5.2 How Networks Can Be Connected5.5.3 Tunneling5.5.4 Internetwork Routing5.5.5 Packet Fragmentation5.6 The Network Layer in the Internet5.6.1 The IP Version 4 Protocol5.6.2 IP Addresses5.6.3 IP Version 65.6.4 Internet Control Protocols5.6.5 Label Switching and MPLS5.6.6 OSPF—An Interior Gateway Routing Protocol5.6.7 BGP—The Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol5.6.8 Internet Multicasting5.6.9 Mobile IP5.7 Summary

6.1 The Transport Service6.1.1 Services Provided to the Upper Layers6.1.2 Transport Service Primitives6.1.3 Berkeley Sockets6.1.4 An Example of Socket Programming: An Internet File Server6.2 Elements Of transport Protocols6.2.1 Addressing6.2.2 Connection Establishment6.2.3 Connection Release6.2.4 Error Control and Flow Control6.2.5 Multiplexing6.2.6 Crash Recovery6.3 Congestion Control6.3.1 Desirable Bandwidth Allocation6.3.2 Regulating the Sending Rate6.3.3 Wireless Issues6.4 The Internet Transport Protocols: UDP6.4.1 Introduction to UDP6.4.2 Remote Procedure Call6.4.3 Real-Time Transport Protocols6.5 The Internet Transport Protocols: TCP6.5.1 Introduction to TCP6.5.2 The TCP Service Model6.5.3 The TCP Protocol6.5.4 The TCP Segment Header6.5.5 TCP Connection Establishment6.5.6 TCP Connection Release6.5.7 TCP Connection Management Modeling6.5.8 TCP Sliding Window6.5.9 TCP Timer Management6.5.10 TCP Congestion Control6.5.11 The Future of TCP6.6 Performance Issues*6.6.1 Performance Problems in Computer Networks6.6.2 Network Performance Measurement6.6.3 Host Design for Fast Networks6.6.4 Fast Segment Processing6.6.5 Header Compression6.6.6 Protocols for Long Fat Networks6.7 Delay-Tolerant Networking*6.7.1 DTN Architecture6.7.2 The Bundle Protocol6.8 Summary
7.1 DNS—The Domain Name System7.1.1 The DNS Name Space7.1.2 Domain Resource Records7.1.3 Name Servers7.2 Electronic Mail*7.2.1 Architecture and Services7.2.2 The User Agent7.2.3 Message Formats7.2.4 Message Transfer7.2.5 Final Delivery7.3 The World Wide Web7.3.1 Architectural Overview7.3.2 Static Web Pages7.3.3 Dynamic Web Pages and Web Applications7.3.4 HTTP—The HyperText Transfer Protocol7.3.5 The Mobile Web7.3.6 Web Search7.4 Streaming Audio and Video7.4.1 Digital Audio7.4.2 Digital Video7.4.3 Streaming Stored Media7.4.4 Streaming Live Media7.4.5 Real-Time Conferencing7.5 Content Delivery7.5.1 Content and Internet Traffic7.5.2 Server Farms and Web Proxies7.5.3 Content Delivery Networks7.5.4 Peer-to-Peer Networks7.6 Summary
8.1 Cryptography8.1.1 Introduction to Cryptography8.1.2 Substitution Ciphers8.1.3 Transposition Ciphers8.1.4 One-Time Pads8.1.5 Two Fundamental Cryptographic Principles8.2 Symmetric-Key Algorithms8.2.1 DES—The Data Encryption Standard8.2.2 AES—The Advanced Encryption Standard8.2.3 Cipher Modes8.2.4 Other Ciphers8.2.5 Cryptanalysis8.3 Public-Key Algorithms8.3.1 RSA8.3.2 Other Public-Key Algorithms8.4 Digital Signatures8.4.1 Symmetric-Key Signatures8.4.2 Public-Key Signatures8.4.3 Message Digests8.4.4 The Birthday Attack8.5 Management of Public Keys8.5.1 Certificates8.5.2 X.5098.5.3 Public Key Infrastructures8.6 Communication Security8.6.1 IPsec8.6.2 Firewalls8.6.3 Virtual Private Networks8.6.4 Wireless Security8.7 Authentication Protocols8.7.1 Authentication Based on a Shared Secret Key8.7.2 Establishing a Shared Key: The Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange8.7.3 Authentication Using a Key Distribution Center8.7.4 Authentication Using Kerberos8.7.5 Authentication Using Public-Key Cryptography8.8 Email Security*8.8.1 PGP—Pretty Good Privacy8.8.2 S/MIME8.9 Web Security8.9.1 Threats8.9.2 Secure Naming8.9.3 SSL—The Secure Sockets Layer8.9.4 Mobile Code Security8.10 Social Issues8.10.1 Privacy8.10.2 Freedom of Speech8.10.3 Copyright8.11 Summary
9.1 Suggestions for Further Reading*9.1.1 Introduction and General Works9.1.2 The Physical Layer9.1.3 The Data Link Layer9.1.4 The Medium Access Control Sublayer9.1.5 The Network Layer9.1.6 The Transport Layer9.1.7 The Application Layer9.1.8 Network Security9.2 Alphabetical Bibliography*
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Content preview from Computer Networks, Fifth Edition

2THE PHYSICAL LAYER

In this chapter we will look at the lowest layer in our protocol model, the physical layer. It defines the electrical, timing and other interfaces by which bits are sent as signals over channels. The physical layer is the foundation on which the network is built. The properties of different kinds of physical channels determine the performance (e.g., throughput, latency, and error rate) so it is a good place to start our journey into networkland.

We will begin with a theoretical analysis of data transmission, only to discover that Mother (Parent?) Nature puts some limits on what can be sent over a channel. Then we will cover three kinds of transmission media: guided (copper wire and fiber optics), wireless (terrestrial radio), ...