Book description
Provides a Comprehensive Introduction to Aircraft Design with an Industrial Approach
This book introduces readers to aircraft design, placing great emphasis on industrial practice. It includes worked out design examples for several different classes of aircraft, including Learjet 45, Tucano Turboprop Trainer, BAe Hawk and Airbus A320. It considers performance substantiation and compliance to certification requirements and market specifications of take-off/landing field lengths, initial climb/high speed cruise, turning capability and payload/range. Military requirements are discussed, covering some aspects of combat, as is operating cost estimation methodology, safety considerations, environmental issues, flight deck layout, avionics and more general aircraft systems. The book also includes a chapter on electric aircraft design along with a full range of industry standard aircraft sizing analyses.
Split into two parts, Conceptual Aircraft Design: An Industrial Approach spends the first part dealing with the pre-requisite information for configuring aircraft so that readers can make informed decisions when designing vessels. The second part devotes itself to new aircraft concept definition. It also offers additional analyses and design information (e.g., on cost, manufacture, systems, role of CFD, etc.) integral to conceptual design study. The book finishes with an introduction to electric aircraft and futuristic design concepts currently under study.
- Presents an informative, industrial approach to aircraft design
- Features design examples for aircraft such as the Learjet 45, Tucano Turboprop Trainer, BAe Hawk, Airbus A320
- Includes a full range of industry standard aircraft sizing analyses
- Looks at several performance substantiation and compliance to certification requirements
- Discusses the military requirements covering some combat aspects
- Accompanied by a website hosting supporting material
Conceptual Aircraft Design: An Industrial Approach is an excellent resource for those designing and building modern aircraft for commercial, military, and private use.
Table of contents
- Cover
- Series Preface
- Preface
- Individual Acknowledgements By Ajoy Kumar Kundu
- By Mark A. Price
- By David Riordan
- List of Symbols and Abbreviations
- Road Map of the Book
-
Part I: Prerequisites
-
1 Introduction
- 1.1 Overview
- 1.2 Brief Historical Background
- 1.3 Aircraft Evolution
- 1.4 Current Aircraft Design Trends for both Civil and Military Aircraft (the 1980s Onwards)
- 1.5 Future Trends
- 1.6 Forces and Drivers
- 1.7 Airworthiness Requirements
- 1.8 Current Aircraft Performance Analyses Levels
- 1.9 Aircraft Classification
- 1.10 Topics of Current Research Interest Related to Aircraft Design (Supersonic/Subsonic)
- 1.11 Cost Implications
- 1.12 The Classroom Learning Process
- 1.13 Units and Dimensions
- 1.14 Use of Semi‐Empirical Relations and Datasheets
- 1.15 The Atmosphere
- References
-
2 Aircraft Familiarity, Aircraft Design Process, Market Study
- 2.1 Overview
- 2.2 Introduction
- 2.3 Aircraft Familiarisation
- 2.4 Typical Aircraft Design Process
- 2.5 Market Survey – Project Identification
- 2.6 Four Phases of Aircraft Design
- 2.7 Typical Task Breakdown in Each Phase
- 2.8 Aircraft Specifications for Three Civil Aircraft Case Studies
- 2.9 Military Market – Some Typical Military Aircraft Design Specifications
- 2.10 Airworthiness Requirements
- 2.11 Coursework Procedures – Market Survey
- References
-
3 Aerodynamic Fundamentals, Definitions and Aerofoils
- 3.1 Overview
- 3.2 Introduction
- 3.3 Airflow Behaviour – Laminar and Turbulent
- 3.4 Flow Past an Aerofoil
- 3.5 Generation of Lift
- 3.6 Aircraft Motion, Forces and Moments
- 3.7 Definitions of Aerodynamic Parameters
- 3.8 Aerofoils
- 3.9 Reynolds Number and Surface Condition Effects on Aerofoils – Using NACA Aerofoil Test Data
- 3.10 Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre
- 3.11 Types of Stall
- 3.12 High‐Lift Devices
- 3.13 Flow Regimes
- 3.14 Summary
- 3.15 Aerofoil Design and Manufacture
- 3.16 Aircraft Centre of Gravity, Centre of Pressure and Neutral Point
- References
-
4 Wings
- 4.1 Overview
- 4.2 Introduction
- 4.3 Generic Wing Planform Shapes
- 4.4 Wing Position Relative to Fuselage
- 4.5 Structural Considerations
- 4.6 Wing Parameter Definitions
- 4.7 Spanwise Variation of Aerofoil t/c and Incidence
- 4.8 Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
- 4.9 Wing Aerodynamics
- 4.10 Wing Load
- 4.11 Compressibility Effect: Wing Sweep
- 4.12 Transonic Wings
- 4.13 Supersonic Wings
- 4.14 Additional Vortex Lift – LE Suction
- 4.15 High‐Lift Devices on the Wing – Flaps and Slats
- 4.16 Additional Surfaces on the Wing
- 4.17 The Square‐Cube Law
- 4.18 Influence of Wing Area and Span on Aerodynamics
- 4.19 Summary of Wing Design
- References
-
5 Bodies – Fuselages, Nacelle Pods, Intakes and the Associated Systems
- 5.1 Overview
- 5.2 Introduction
- CIVIL AIRCRAFT
- 5.3 Fuselage Geometry – Civil Aircraft
- 5.4 Fuselage Closures – Civil Aircraft
- 5.5 Fuselage Fineness Ratio (FR)
- 5.6 Fuselage Cross‐Sectional Geometry – Civil Aircraft
- 5.7 Fuselage Abreast Seating – Civil Aircraft
- 5.8 Cabin Seat Layout
- 5.9 Fuselage Layout
- 5.10 Fuselage Aerodynamic Considerations
- 5.11 Fuselage Pitching Moment
- 5.12 Nacelle Pod – Civil Aircraft
- 5.13 Exhaust Nozzles – Civil Aircraft
- MILITARY AIRCRAFT
- 5.14 Fuselage Geometry – Military Aircraft
- 5.15 Pilot Cockpit/Flight Deck – Military Aircraft
- 5.16 Engine Installation – Military Aircraft
- References
-
6 Empennage and Other Planar Surfaces
- 6.1 Overview
- 6.2 Introduction
- 6.3 Terminologies and Definitions of Empennage
- 6.4 Empennage Mount and Types
- 6.5 Different Kinds of Empennage Design
- 6.6 Empennage Tail Arm
- 6.7 Empennage Aerodynamics
- 6.8 Aircraft Control System
- 6.9 Aircraft Control Surfaces and Trim Tabs
- 6.10 Empennage Design
- 6.11 Other Planar Surfaces
- References
-
7 Aircraft Statistics, Configuration Choices and Layout
- 7.1 Overview
- 7.2 Introduction
- CIVIL AIRCRAFT
- 7.3 Civil Aircraft Mission (Payload Range)
- 7.4 Civil Subsonic Jet Aircraft Statistics (Sizing Parameters)
- 7.5 Internal Arrangements of Fuselage – Civil Aircraft
- 7.6 Some Interesting Aircraft Configurations – Civil Aircraft
- 7.7 Summary of Civil Aircraft Design Choices
- MILITARY AIRCRAFT
- 7.8 Military Aircraft: Detailed Classification, Evolutionary Pattern and Mission Profile
- 7.9 Military Aircraft Mission
- 7.10 Military Aircraft Statistics (Regression Analysis)
- 7.11 Military Aircraft Component Geometries
- 7.12 Miscellaneous Comments
- 7.13 Summary of Military Aircraft Design Choices
- References
-
1 Introduction
-
Part II: Aircraft Design
-
8 Configuring Aircraft – Concept Definition
- 8.1 Overview
- 8.2 Introduction
- CIVIL AIRCRAFT
- 8.3 Prerequisites to Initiate Conceptual Design of Civil Aircraft
- 8.4 Fuselage Design
- 8.5 Wing Design
- 8.6 Empennage Design
- 8.7 Nacelle and Pylon Design
- 8.8 Undercarriage
- 8.9 Worked‐Out Example: Configuring a Bizjet Class Aircraft
- MILITARY AIRCRAFT
- 8.10 Prerequisite to Initiate Military (Combat/Trainer) Aircraft Design
- 8.11 Fuselage Design (Military – Combat/Trainer Aircraft)
- 8.12 Wing Design (Military – Combat/Trainer Aircraft)
- 8.13 Empennage Design (Military – Combat/Trainer Aircraft)
- 8.14 Engine/Intake/Nozzle (Military – Combat/Trainer Aircraft)
- 8.15 Undercarriage (Military – Combat/Trainer Aircraft)
- 8.16 Worked‐Out Example – Configuring Military AJT Class Aircraft
- 8.17 Turboprop Trainer Aircraft (TPT)
- References
-
9 Undercarriage
- 9.1 Overview
- 9.2 Introduction
- 9.3 Types of Undercarriage
- 9.4 Undercarriage Description
- 9.5 Undercarriage Nomenclature and Definitions
- 9.6 Undercarriage Retraction and Stowage
- 9.7 Undercarriage Design Drivers and Considerations
- 9.8 Tyre Friction with the Ground: Rolling and Braking Friction Coefficient
- 9.9 Load on Wheels and Shock Absorbers
- 9.10 Energy Absorbed
- 9.11 Equivalent Single Wheel Load (ESWL)
- 9.12 Runway Pavement
- 9.13 Airfield/Runway Strength and Aircraft Operating Compatibility
- 9.14 Wheels and Tyres
- 9.15 Tyre Nomenclature, Classification, Loading and Selection
- 9.16 Configuring Undercarriage Layout and Positioning
- 9.17 Worked‐Out Examples
- 9.18 Discussion and Miscellaneous Considerations
- References
-
10 Aircraft Weight and Centre of Gravity Estimation
- 10.1 Overview
- 10.2 Introduction
- 10.3 The Weight Drivers
- 10.4 Aircraft Mass (Weight) Breakdown
- 10.5 Aircraft CG and Neutral Point Positions
- 10.6 Aircraft Component Groups
- 10.7 Aircraft Component Mass Estimation
- 10.8 Mass Fraction Method – Civil Aircraft
- 10.9 Graphical Method – Civil Aircraft
- 10.10 Semi‐Empirical Equation Method (Statistical)
- 10.11 Centre of Gravity Determination
- 10.12 Worked‐Out Example – Bizjet Aircraft
- 10.13 Mass Fraction Method – Military Aircraft
- 10.14 Graphical Method to Predict Aircraft Component Weight – Military Aircraft
- 10.15 Semi‐Empirical Equations Method (Statistical) – Military Aircraft
- 10.16 CG Determination – Military Aircraft
- 10.17 Classroom Example of Military AJT/CAS Aircraft Mass Estimation
- 10.18 AJT Mass Estimation and CG Location
- 10.19 Classroom Example of a Turboprop Trainer (TPT) Aircraft and COIN Variant Weight Estimation
- 10.20 Classroom Worked‐Out TPT Mass Estimation and CG Location
- 10.21 Summary of Concept Definition
- References
-
11 Aircraft Drag
- 11.1 Overview
- 11.2 Introduction
- 11.3 Parasite Drag Definition
- 11.4 Aircraft Drag Breakdown (Subsonic)
- 11.5 Understanding Drag Polar
- 11.6 Aircraft Drag Formulation
- 11.7 Aircraft Drag Estimation Methodology (Subsonic)
- 11.8 Minimum Parasite Drag Estimation Methodology
- 11.9 Semi‐Empirical Relations to Estimate Aircraft‐Component Parasite Drag
- 11.10 Notes on Excrescence Drag Resulting from Surface Imperfections
- 11.11 Minimum Parasite Drag
- 11.12 ΔC Dp Estimation
- 11.13 Subsonic Wave Drag
- 11.14 Total Aircraft Drag
- 11.15 Low‐Speed Aircraft Drag at Takeoff and Landing
- 11.16 Propeller‐Driven Aircraft Drag
- 11.17 Military Aircraft Drag
- 11.18 Supersonic Drag
- 11.19 Coursework Example – Civil Bizjet Aircraft
- 11.20 Classroom Example – Subsonic Military Aircraft (Advanced Jet Trainer – AJT)
- 11.21 Classroom Example – Turboprop Trainer (TPT)
- 11.22 Classroom Example – Supersonic Military Aircraft
- 11.23 Drag Comparison
- 11.24 Some Concluding Remarks
- References
-
12 Aircraft Power Plant and Integration
- 12.1 Overview
- 12.2 Background
- 12.3 Definitions
- 12.4 Introduction – Air‐Breathing Aircraft Engine Types
- 12.5 Simplified Representation of a Gas Turbine (Brayton/Joule) Cycle
- 12.6 Formulation/Theory – Isentropic Case (Trend Analysis)
- 12.7 Engine Integration to Aircraft – Installation Effects
- 12.8 Intake/Nozzle Design
- 12.9 Exhaust Nozzle and Thrust Reverser (TR)
- 12.10 Propeller
- 12.11 Propeller Theory
- 12.12 Propeller Performance – Use of Charts, Practical Engineering Applications
- References
-
13 Aircraft Power Plant Performance
- 13.1 Overview
- 13.2 Introduction
- 13.3 Uninstalled Turbofan Engine Performance Data – Civil Aircraft
- 13.4 Installed Engine Performance Data of Matched Engines to Coursework Aircraft
- 13.5 Installed Turboprop Performance Data
- 13.6 Piston Engine
- 13.7 Engine Performance Grid
- 13.8 Some Turbofan Data (OPR = Overall Pressure Ratio)
- References
-
14 Aircraft Sizing, Engine Matching and Variant Derivatives
- 14.1 Overview
- 14.2 Introduction
- 14.3 Theory
- 14.4 Coursework Exercise – Civil Aircraft Design (Bizjet)
- 14.5 Sizing Analysis – Civil Aircraft (Bizjet)
- 14.6 Coursework Exercise – Military Aircraft (AJT)
- 14.7 Sizing Analysis – Military Aircraft (AJT)
- 14.8 Aircraft Sizing Studies and Sensitivity Analyses
- 14.9 Discussion
- References
-
15 Aircraft Performance
- 15.1 Overview
- 15.2 Introduction
- 15.3 Takeoff Performance
- 15.4 Landing Performance
- 15.5 Climb Performance
- 15.6 Descent Performance
- 15.7 Checking of the Initial Maximum Cruise Speed Capability
- 15.8 Payload‐Range Capability – Derivation of Range Equations
- 15.9 In Horizontal Plane (Yaw Plane) – Sustained Coordinated Turn
- 15.10 Aircraft Performance Substantiation – Worked‐Out Classroom Examples – Bizjet
- 15.11 Aircraft Performance Substantiation – Military AJT
- 15.12 Propeller‐Driven Aircraft – TPT (Parabolic Drag Polar)
- 15.13 Summarised Discussion of the Design
- References
- 16 Aircraft Cost Considerations
-
8 Configuring Aircraft – Concept Definition
-
Part III: Further Design Considerations
- 17 Aircraft Load
-
18 Stability Considerations Affecting Aircraft Design
- 18.1 Overview
- 18.2 Introduction
- 18.3 Static and Dynamic Stability
- 18.4 Theory
- 18.5 Current Statistical Trends for Horizontal and Vertical Tail Coefficients
- 18.6 Stick Force – Aircraft Control Surfaces and Trim Tabs
- 18.7 Inherent Aircraft Motions as Characteristics of Design
- 18.8 Design Considerations for Stability – Civil Aircraft
- 18.9 Military Aircraft – Non‐Linear Effects
- 18.10 Active Control Technology (ACT) – Fly‐by‐Wire (FBW)
- 18.11 Summary of Design Considerations for Stability
- References
-
19 Materials and Structures
- 19.1 Overview
- 19.2 Introduction
- 19.3 Function of Structure – Loading
- 19.4 Basic Definitions – Structures
- 19.5 From Structure to Material
- 19.6 Basic Definitions – Materials
- 19.7 Material Properties
- 19.8 Considerations with Respect to Design
- 19.9 Structural Configuration
- 19.10 Materials – General Considerations
- 19.11 Metals
- 19.12 Wood and Fabric
- 19.13 Composite Materials
- 19.14 Structural Configurations
- 19.15 Rules of Thumb and Concept Checks
- 19.16 Finite Element Analysis (FEA)/Finite Element Method (FEM)
- References
-
20 Aircraft Manufacturing Considerations
- 20.1 Overview
- 20.2 Introduction
- 20.3 Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFM/A)
- 20.4 Manufacturing Practices
- 20.5 Six‐Sigma Concept
- 20.6 Tolerance Relaxation at the Wetted Surface
- 20.7 Reliability and Maintainability (R&M)
- 20.8 The Design Considerations
- 20.9 ‘Design for Customer’ (A Figure of Merit)
- 20.10 Digital Manufacturing Process Management
- References
-
21 Miscellaneous Design Considerations
- 21.1 Overview
- 21.2 Introduction
- 21.3 History of FAA – the Role of Regulation
- 21.4 Flight Test
- 21.5 Contribution by the Ground Effect on Takeoff
- 21.6 Aircraft Environmental Issues
- 21.7 Flying in Adverse Environments
- 21.8 Military Aircraft Flying Hazards
- 21.9 End‐of‐Life Disposal
- 21.10 Extended Range Twin‐Engine Operation (ETOP)
- 21.11 Flight and Human Physiology
- 21.12 Some Emerging Scenarios
- References
- 22 Aircraft Systems
- 23 Computational Fluid Dynamics
-
24 Electric Aircraft⋆
- 24.1 Overview
- 24.2 Introduction
- 24.3 Energy Storage
- 24.4 Prime Mover – Motors
- 24.5 Electric Powered Aircraft Power Train
- 24.6 Hybrid Electric Aircraft (HEA)
- 24.7 Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP)
- 24.8 Electric Aircraft Related Theory/Analyses
- 24.9 Electric Powered Aircraft Sizing
- 24.10 Discussion
- 24.11 Worked‐Out Example
- References
- Appendix A: Conversions and Important Equations
- Appendix B: International Standard Atmosphere Table Data from Hydrostatic Equations
- Appendix C: Fundamental Equations (See Table of Contents for Symbols and Nomenclature.)
- Appendix D: Some Case Studies – Aircraft Data
- Appendix E: Aerofoil Data
- Appendix F: Wheels and Tyres
- Index
- End User License Agreement
Product information
- Title: Conceptual Aircraft Design
- Author(s):
- Release date: April 2019
- Publisher(s): Wiley
- ISBN: 9781119500285
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