Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Introduction to Constructed Wetland Technology

Alexandros I. Stefanakis

Bauer Resources GmbH, BAUER-Strasse 1, Schrobenhausen, Germany

Bauer Nimr LLC, Muscat, Oman

Department of Engineering, German University of Technology in Oman, Athaibah, Oman

1 From Natural to Constructed Wetlands

Constructed Wetlands technology is not a “new” development, if we consider the exact definition of this word. Wetlands have been used – one way or another – by humans for hundreds (or even thousands) of years. Until recently, people didn't realize this utilization of wetland systems or their benefits and role not just for humans but for the whole planetary ecosystem. The first contact of humans and natural wetlands took place thousands of years ago: the first civilizations were established close to wetland environments, since these provided them with various economic and vital sources. Early civilizations (e.g., the Mesopotamian and Egyptian) were developed near marshes and rivers. Wetlands provided raw materials for simple up to more complicated constructions and discoveries. For example, dried reeds were used to build houses, papyrus was used to make paper or even construct ships, etc. Therefore, the exploitation of wetlands by humans was already a reality. In other words, wetlands represent a critical life source for humans and wildlife, with a great contribution to our quality of life.

Wetlands are considered today as natural systems with great ecological significance, which provide habitats for numerous ...