Counterparty Credit Risk: The new challenge for global financial markets

Counterparty Credit Risk: The new challenge for global financial markets

by Jon Gregory
Released January 2010
Publisher(s): Wiley
ISBN: 9780470685761

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Book description

The first decade of the 21st Century has been disastrous for financial institutions, derivatives and risk management. Counterparty credit risk has become the key element of financial risk management, highlighted by the bankruptcy of the investment bank Lehman Brothers and failure of other high profile institutions such as Bear Sterns, AIG, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The sudden realisation of extensive counterparty risks has severely compromised the health of global financial markets. Counterparty risk is now a key problem for all financial institutions.

This book explains the emergence of counterparty risk during the recent credit crisis. The quantification of firm-wide credit exposure for trading desks and businesses is discussed alongside risk mitigation methods such as netting and collateral management (margining). Banks and other financial institutions have been recently developing their capabilities for pricing counterparty risk and these elements are considered in detail via a characterisation of credit value adjustment (CVA). The implications of an institution valuing their own default via debt value adjustment (DVA) are also considered at length. Hedging aspects, together with the associated instruments such as credit defaults swaps (CDSs) and contingent CDS (CCDS) are described in full.

A key feature of the credit crisis has been the realisation of wrong-way risks illustrated by the failure of monoline insurance companies. Wrong-way counterparty risks are addressed in detail in relation to interest rate, foreign exchange, commodity and, in particular, credit derivative products. Portfolio counterparty risk is covered, together with the regulatory aspects as defined by the Basel II capital requirements. The management of counterparty risk within an institution is also discussed in detail. Finally, the design and benefits of central clearing, a recent development to attempt to control the rapid growth of counterparty risk, is considered.

This book is unique in being practically focused but also covering the more technical aspects. It is an invaluable complete reference guide for any market practitioner with any responsibility or interest within the area of counterparty credit risk.

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Half Title page
  3. Title page
  4. Copyright page
  5. Acknowledgements
  6. Spreadsheets
  7. Abbreviations
  8. Introduction
    1. The New Challenge for Global Financial Markets
    2. Overview of this Book
  9. Chapter 1: Crystal Structure Prediction Using Evolutionary Approach
    1. 1.1 Financial Risk Management
    2. 1.2 The Failure of Models
    3. 1.3 The Derivatives Market
    4. 1.4 Risks of Derivatives
    5. 1.5 Counterparty Risk in Context
  10. Chapter 2: Defining Counterparty Credit Risk
    1. 2.1 Introducing Counterparty Risk
    2. 2.2 Components and Terminology
    3. 2.3 Controlling Counterparty Credit Risk
    4. 2.4 Quantifying Counterparty Risk
    5. 2.5 Metrics for Credit Exposure
    6. 2.6 Summary
    7. Appendix 2.A: Characterising Exposure for a Normal Distribution
  11. Chapter 3: Mitigating Counterparty Credit Risk
    1. 3.1 Introduction
    2. 3.2 Default-Remote Entities
    3. 3.3 Termination and Walkaway Features
    4. 3.4 Netting and Close-Out
    5. 3.5 Netting and Exposure
    6. 3.6 Collateral
    7. 3.7 The Mechanics of Collateralisation
    8. 3.8 Is Risk Mitigation Always a Good Thing?
    9. 3.9 Summary
    10. Appendix 3.A: EE of Independent Normal Variables
  12. Chapter 4: Crystal Structure Prediction Using Evolutionary Approach
    1. 4.1 Quantifying Credit Exposure
    2. 4.2 Typical Credit Exposures
    3. 4.3 Models for Credit Exposure
    4. 4.4 Netting
    5. 4.5 Exposure Contributions
    6. 4.6 Summary
    7. Appendix 4.A: Semi-Analytical Formula For Exposure of a Forward Contract
    8. Appendix 4.B: Computing marginal EE
  13. Chapter 5: Quantifying Counterparty Credit Exposure, II - The Impact of Collateral
    1. 5.1 Introduction
    2. 5.2 The Impact of Collateral on Credit Exposure
    3. 5.3 Modelling Collateral
    4. 5.4 Full Collateralisation
    5. 5.5 The Risks of Collateralisation
    6. 5.6 Summary
    7. Appendix 5.A: Calculation of Collateralised Pfe (Cash Collateral)
    8. Appendix 5.B: Calculation of Collateralised Netted Exposure with Collateral Value Uncertainty
    9. Appendix 5.C: Mathematical Treatment of a Collateralised Exposure
  14. Chapter 6: Overview of Credit Risk and Credit Derivatives
    1. 6.1 Defaults, Recovery Rates, Credit Spreads and Credit Derivatives
    2. 6.2 Credit Derivatives
    3. 6.3 Credit Default Swaps
    4. 6.4 Estimating Default Probability
    5. 6.5 Portfolio Credit Derivatives
    6. Appendix 6.A: Defining Survival and Default Probabilities
    7. Appendix 6.B: Pricing Formulas for Cdss and Risky Bonds
    8. Appendix 6.C: Pricing of Index Tranches
  15. Chapter 7: Pricing CounterpartyCredit Risk, I
    1. 7.1 Pricing counterparty risk
    2. 7.2 Pricing new trades using CVA
    3. 7.3 Bilateral Counterparty Risk
    4. 7.4 Summary
    5. Appendix 7.A: Deriving the equation for credit value adjustment (CVA)
    6. Appendix 7.B: Approximation to the CVA formula in the case of no wrong-way risk
    7. Appendix 7.C: Approximation linking CVA formula to credit spread
    8. Appendix 7.D: Specific approximations to the CVA formula for individual instruments
    9. Appendix 7.E: Calculation of CVA increase in the presence of netting
    10. Appendix 7.F: Deriving the equation for bilateral credit value adjustment (BCVA)
    11. Appendix 7.G: Approximation linking CVA formula to credit spreads for bilateral CVA
    12. Appendix 7.H: Deriving the equation for BCVA under the assumption of a bilateral walkaway clause
  16. Chapter 8: Pricing Counterparty Credit Risk, II: Wrong-way Risk
    1. 8.1 Introduction
    2. 8.2 Wrong-Way Risk
    3. 8.3 Measuring Wrong-Way Risk
    4. 8.4 Counterparty Risk in CDSS
    5. 8.5 Counterparty Risk in Structured Credit
    6. 8.6 Counterparty Risk and Gap Risk
    7. 8.7 Super Senior Risk
    8. 8.8 Summary
    9. Appendix 8.A: Computing the EE of a Typical Forward Exposure with Correlationto A Time of Default
    10. Appendix 8.B: Formula for a Risky Option
    11. Appendix 8.C: Formula for Pricing a CDS Contract with Counterparty Risk
    12. Appendix 8.D: Pricing of a Leveraged Super Senior Tranche
  17. Chapter 9: Heading Counterparty Risk
    1. 9.1 Introduction
    2. 9.2 Hedging and pricing
    3. 9.3 Hedging a risky derivative position
    4. 9.4 Traditional Hedging of Bonds, Loans and Repos
    5. 9.5 Risk-neutral or real parameters?
    6. 9.6 Components of CVA
    7. 9.7 Recovery risk
    8. 9.8 Static hedging
    9. 9.9 Dynamic credit hedging
    10. 9.10 Exposure
    11. 9.11 Cross-dependency
    12. 9.12 Aggregation of sensitivities
    13. 9.13 Summary
    14. Appendix 9.A: Example of calculation of CVA greeks
  18. Chapter 10: Porfolio Models and Economic Capital
    1. 10.1 Introduction
    2. 10.2 Joint Default
    3. 10.3 Credit portfolio losses
    4. 10.4 The impact of stochastic exposure
    5. 10.5 Special cases of alpha
    6. 10.6 Credit migration and mark-to-market
    7. 10.7 Summary
    8. Appendix 10.A: Credit portfolio model
    9. Appendix 10.B: Simple treatment of wrong-way risk
  19. Chapter 11: Counterparty Risk, Regulation and Basel II
    1. 11.1 Introduction
    2. 11.2 The Birth of Basel II
    3. 11.3 Basel II Framework for Fixed Exposures
    4. 11.4 Exposure at Default and Basel II
    5. 11.5 Basel II Internal Model Method
    6. 11.6 Basel II and Double-Default
    7. 11.7 Summary
    8. Appendix 11.A: Effective Remaining Maturity
    9. Appendix 11.B: The Asset Correlation and Maturity Adjustment Formulas in the Advanced Irb Approach of Basel II
    10. Appendix 11.C: Netting and Collateral Treatment Under the Current Exposure Method (CEM) of Basel II
    11. Appendix 11.D: Definition of Effective EPE
    12. Appendix 11.E: Double-Default Treatment of Hedged Exposures in Basel II
  20. Chapter 12: Managing CounterpartyRisk in a Financial Institution
    1. 12.1 Introduction
    2. 12.2 Counterparty Risk in Financial Institutions
    3. 12.3 Insurance Company or Trading Desk?
    4. 12.4 How to Calculate Credit Charges
    5. 12.5 How to Charge for Counterparty Risk
    6. 12.6 Summary
  21. Chapter 13: Counterparty Risk of Default-remote Entities
    1. 13.1 The Triple-A Counterparty
    2. 13.2 The Value of Monolines and Cdpcs
    3. 13.3 Summary
    4. Appendix 13.A: Simple Model for a Credit Insurer
    5. Appendix 13.B: The Valuation of Credit Insurer Purchased Protection
  22. Chapter 14: The Role of a Central Counterparty
    1. 14.1 Centralised clearing
    2. 14.2 The viability of centralised clearing
    3. 14.3 Conclusions
  23. Chapter 15: The Future of Counterparty Risk
    1. 15.1 A counterparty risk revolution?
    2. 15.2 Controlling credit exposure
    3. 15.3 Collateral management
    4. 15.4 The too-big-to-fail concept
    5. 15.5 Credit value adjustment (CVA)
    6. 15.6 Hedging
    7. 15.7 Credit derivatives
    8. 15.8 Central counterparties
    9. 15.9 The overall challenge
  24. Glossary
  25. References
  26. Index

Product information

  • Title: Counterparty Credit Risk: The new challenge for global financial markets
  • Author(s): Jon Gregory
  • Release date: January 2010
  • Publisher(s): Wiley
  • ISBN: 9780470685761