CHAPTER 9Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing GD&T
9.1 Introduction
A drawing is a communication tool for the part or assembly or any other system so that the stakeholders can understand each other clearly and accurately, which is the core driving force of industries. We communicate by indicating two elements in all drawings, which are 1‐shape, and 2‐size. Until now, we have been discussing size for parts through their dimensional values, annotations, scales etc. However, we never mentioned the shape of a part. Sure, logically we should be able to indicate how a part should look like from its isometric or other views, but when it comes to precision manufacturing with robotic arms, plasma cutters, or gauging tools, we must accurately declare how the part’s shape should look like.
For instance, let us consider the following circular hole that was manufacturing with a drilling tool (Figure 9.1).
FIGURE 9.1 (a) Required Hole Diameter, (b) Acceptable Sizes, (c) Acceptable Sizes
From this dimensional value, we see that the customer wants a hole with a diameter of size between 4.5 and 5.5.
Therefore, ...
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