The second stage is called proposal making in which participants contributed to a wide range of ideas and made a large number of inputs. In this stage, participants first presented their proposals, followed by the dynamic behaviors of proposing, receiving responses, criticizing, and deliberating, all of which exemplify what Adler (1997) and Kingdon (1995) referred to as constructing or specifying alternatives. This stage is crucial because the numerous responses ease the process of shaping constructive proposals in an attempt to find a solution. At any point in time, many people presented several options or alternatives. Then, participants discussed and deliberated on the ideas and suggestions at length. ...
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