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SQL and NoSQL Databases: Characteristics, Design, and Trade-Offs

In the digital age, data has become the backbone of modern applications and businesses, driving decision-making, personalization, and innovation. As the volume and complexity of data continue to grow exponentially, the role of databases in efficiently storing, managing, and accessing information has never been more critical. Over time, two primary paradigms for database management have emerged: Structured Query Language (SQL) and NoSQL databases.

SQL databases have been the traditional data storage and retrieval workhorses for decades. They adhere to the relational data model, organizing data into tables with rows and columns. These databases offer strong consistency, transaction ...

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