18. I Hear What I Want to Hear: The Confirmation Bias

Most of our so-called reasoning consists in finding arguments for going on believing as we already do.

—J. H. Robinson

Mike Delaney is a fitness nut. Now 48 years old, he has been working out regularly since he was in his late teens. In a typical week, Mike will spend two hours a day, three days a week, lifting weights at his health club. In addition, he runs an average of 35 miles a week. He occasionally breaks up his routine with workouts on a stair climber or putting in an hour on a rowing machine.

In recent months, Mike has been plagued by a number of aches and pains—a lot more than usual. His knees ache, his Achilles’ tendons are sore, and his lower back is bothering him. He called his ...

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