One indication of competence in any field is the ability to produce needed results. If you have your car towed to your mechanic's shop because the vehicle won't start, you care far more about the car being fixed than the effort the mechanic went through to fix it. An “A” for effort doesn't always cut it.

Like other competent professionals, learning experts who build instruction also need to produce results. But what results are needed from instruction? Several. One of the most important goals is that the instruction provide learners with the necessary skills to yield success in the “real world.”

Consider a Business Etiquette course. The course designers put a lot of effort into developing a learning game for the final learning assessment of ...

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