Frequency Variation, Power Factor Variation in Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Transformers
Frequency variations in the grid require a response from the PV system to ensure the safety of equipment connected to the point of coupling, whether it is a photovoltaic (PV) system, utility network, or consumer equipment. The PV system must operate synchronously with the utility system within ±1 Hz as per international standards and cease to energize the utility line within 0.2 seconds when outside the above range. The utility system must again be synchronized with the PV system when frequency settles within 60 Hz ±1. Interconnecting to existing under-frequency load-shed (UFLS) blocks is generally avoided. Such an action ...
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