Visual Studio 2015 has a plugin available from the Marketplace, called Visual Studio Tools for Docker. This gives you syntax highlighting for Dockerfiles, but it doesn't integrate Visual Studio with Docker for .NET Framework apps. With Visual Studio 2015, you can add Docker support to a .NET Core project, but you need to manually write your own Dockerfile and Docker Compose files for full .NET.
Also, there's also no integrated debugging for applications running in Windows containers. You can still debug code running in a container, but you need to manually configure the setup. I'll demonstrate how to do that now, using the same approach as Visual Studio 2017 and with some of the same compromises.
In Visual Studio ...