CHAPTER 7

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Deep Neural Networks

I think the brain is essentially a computer and consciousness is like a computer program. It will cease to run when the computer is turned off. Theoretically, it could be re-created on a neural network, but that would be very difficult, as it would require all one’s memories.

—Stephen Hawking, Time magazine

Proposed in the 1940s as a simplified model of the elementary computing unit in the human cortex, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have since been an active research area. Among the many evolutions of ANN, deep neural networks (DNNs) (Hinton, Osindero, and Teh 2006) stand out as a promising extension of the ...

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