1Introduction, Vision, and Opportunities
Maria E. Holuszko1, Denise C. R. Espinosa2, Tatiana Scarazzato3, and Amit Kumar1
1NBK Institute of Mining Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6350, Stores Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
2University of São Paulo, Polytechnic School, Department of Chemical Engineering, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380 – Butantã, São Paulo – SP 05508-010, Brazil
3Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Materials, 9500, Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre – RS, 91509-900, Brazil
1.1 Background
The concept of sustainability defined by The United Nations Organization in 1987, which is valid even today, is based on the idea of “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Nations 2019). Such a concept was complemented in The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development in which the three pillars of sustainability were defined: economic, environmental, and social development (Comission 2002).
Notwithstanding, the world currently faces a transition between the third and the fourth industrial revolutions, which began about five decades ago and has transformed our way of living. Also known as the Information Revolution, this period has been marked by swift advances in computer technologies, massive popularization of high-technology devices, and the growth of artificial intelligence (Carvalho et al. 2018; Rai and Lal 2000). The technological revolution brought ...
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