book

Embedded Systems Architecture - Second Edition

by Daniele Lacamera

January 2023

Intermediate to advanced

342 pages

9h 3m

English

Packt Publishing

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Who this book is forWhat this book coversTo get the most out of this bookDownload the example code filesDownload the color imagesConventions usedGet in touchShare your thoughtsDownload a free PDF copy of this book
Domain definitionEmbedded Linux systemsLow-end 8-bit microcontrollersHardware architectureUnderstanding the challengesMultithreadingRAMFlash memoryGeneral-purpose input/output (GPIO)ADC and DACTimers and PWMInterfaces and peripheralsAsynchronous UART-based serial communicationSPII2CUSBConnected systemsChallenges of distributed systemsIntroduction to isolation mechanismsThe reference platformARM reference designThe Cortex-M microprocessorSummary
Workflow overviewThe C compilerLinkerMake: a build automation toolDebuggerEmbedded workflowText editors versus integrated environmentsThe GCC toolchainThe cross compilerCompiling the compilerLinking the executableBinary format conversionInteracting with the targetThe GDB sessionValidationFunctional testsHardware toolsTesting off-targetEmulatorsSummary
Configuration managementRevision controlTracking activitiesCode reviewsContinuous integrationSource code organizationHardware abstractionMiddlewareApplication codeSecurity considerationsVulnerability managementSoftware cryptographyHardware cryptographyRunning untrusted codeThe life cycle of an embedded projectDefining project stepsPrototypingRefactoringAPI and documentationSummary
Technical requirementsThe interrupt vector tableStartup codeReset handlerAllocating the stackFault handlersMemory layoutBuilding and running the boot codeThe makefileRunning the applicationMultiple boot stagesBootloaderBuilding the imageDebugging a multi-stage systemShared librariesRemote firmware updatesSecure bootSummary
Technical requirementsMemory mappingMemory model and address spaceThe code regionThe RAM regionsPeripheral-access regionsThe system regionOrder of memory transactionsThe execution stackStack placementStack overflowsStack paintingHeap managementCustom implementationUsing newlibLimiting the heapMultiple memory poolsCommon heap usage errorsThe memory protection unitMPU configuration registersProgramming the MPUSummary

Technical requirementsBitwise operationsThe interrupt controllerPeripherals’ interrupt configurationSystem timeAdjusting the flash wait statesClock configurationClock distributionEnabling the SysTickGeneric timersGPIOPin configurationDigital outputPWMDigital inputInterrupt-based inputAnalog inputThe watchdogSummary
Technical requirementsIntroducing serial communicationClock and symbol synchronizationBus wiringProgramming the peripheralsUART-based asynchronous serial busProtocol descriptionProgramming the controllerHello world!newlib printfReceiving dataInterrupt-based input/outputSPI busProtocol descriptionProgramming the transceiverSPI transactionsInterrupt-based SPI transfersI2C busProtocol descriptionClock stretchingMultiple mastersProgramming the controllerInterrupt handlingSummary
Technical requirementsSystem configurationHardware designClock managementVoltage controlLow-power operating modesDeep-sleep configurationStop modeStandby modeWake-up intervalsMeasuring powerDevelopment boardsDesigning low-power embedded applicationsReplacing busy loops with sleep modeDeep sleep during longer inactivity periodsChoosing the clock speedPower state transitionsSummary
Technical requirementsNetwork interfacesMACSelecting the appropriate network interfacesThe Internet protocolsStandard protocols, custom implementationsThe TCP/IP stackNetwork device driversRunning the TCP/IP stackSocket communicationConnectionless protocolsMesh networks and dynamic routingTLSSecuring socket communicationApplication protocolsMessage protocolsThe REST architectural patternDistributed systems – single points of failureSummary
Technical requirementsTask managementThe task blockContext switchCreating tasksScheduler implementationSupervisor callsCooperative schedulerConcurrency and timeslicesBlocking tasksWaiting for resourcesReal-time schedulingSynchronizationSemaphoresMutexesPriority inversionSystem resource separationPrivilege levelsMemory segmentationSystem callsEmbedded operating systemsOS selectionFreeRTOSRIOT OSSummary
Technical requirementsSandboxingTrustZone-MReference platformSecure and non-secure execution domainsSystem resources separationSecurity attributes and memory regionsFlash memory and secure watermarksGTZC configuration and block-based SRAM protectionConfiguring secure access to peripheralsBuilding and running the exampleEnabling TrustZone-MSecure application entry pointCompiling and linking secure-world applicationsCompiling and linking non-secure applicationsInter-domain transitionsSummary
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Content preview from Embedded Systems Architecture - Second Edition

7 Local Bus Interfaces

The communication between an embedded system and other systems in its vicinity is enabled by a few protocols. Most microcontrollers designed for embedded systems support the most common interfaces that control and discipline the access to serial lines. Some of these protocols are so popular that they have become the standard for wired inter-chip communication among microcontrollers, and for controlling electronic devices, such as sensors, actuators, displays, wireless transceivers, and many other peripherals. This chapter describes how these protocols work, specifically focusing on the implementation of the system software, through examples running on the reference platform. In particular, we will cover the following topics ...