book

Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 2

by Charles Platt, Fredrik Jansson

November 2014

Beginner

320 pages

13h 18m

English

Make: Community

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Volume ContentsVolume 1Volume 2Volume 3OrganizationReference versus TutorialTheory and PracticeEntriesSubject PathsInclusions and ExclusionsTypographical ConventionsVisual ConventionsPhotographic BackgroundsComponent AvailabilityIssues and ErrataOther InformationO’Reilly SafariHow to Contact UsAcknowledgments
What It DoesHow It WorksSwitching BehaviorInternal ConfigurationBreakdown and Breakover VoltageSCR Concept DemoAC Current ApplicationsVariantsValuesCommonly Used AbbreviationsHow to Use ItPhase ControlOvervoltage ProtectionWhat Can Go WrongUnexpected Triggering Caused by HeatUnexpected Triggering Caused by VoltageConfusion of AC and DC RatingsMaximum Current versus Conduction AngleConfusing Symbols
What It DoesSymbol VariantsHow It WorksSwitching ACVariantsValuesWhat Can Go WrongUnexpected Triggering Caused by HeatLow-Temperature EffectsManufacturing Tolerances
What It DoesSymbol VariantsHow It WorksQuadrantsThreshold, Latching, and Holding CurrentTriac TestingBreakover VoltageSwitching ACTriac Triggered by a DiacOther Triac DriversCharge StorageVariantsValuesWhat Can Go WrongUnexpected Triggering Caused by HeatLow-Temperature EffectsWrong Type of LoadWrongly Identified TerminalsFailure to Switch Off
What It DoesAdvantagesDisadvantagesHow It WorksVariantsInstantaneous versus Zero CrossingNC and NO ModesPackagingSolid-State Analog SwitchValuesHow to Use ItWhat Can Go WrongOverheating Caused by OverloadingOverheating Caused by Bad Terminal ContactOverheating Caused by Changing Duty CycleOverheating Caused by Component CrowdingOverheating in Dual PackagingReverse-Voltage BurnoutLow Voltage Output Current May Not WorkInability to Measure AC OutputRelay Turns On but Won’t Turn OffRelays in Parallel Won’t WorkOutput Device Doesn’t Run at Full PowerSolid-State Relays and Safety Disconnects
What It DoesHow It WorksVariantsInternal SensorsBasic Optocoupler TypesValuesHow to Use ItWhat Can Go WrongAgeLED BurnoutTransistor Burnout
What It DoesHysteresisHow It WorksDifferences from an Op-AmpVariantsValuesHow to Use ItAND gateBistable MultivibratorRelaxation OscillatorLevel ShifterWindow ComparatorOther ApplicationsWhat Can Go WrongOscillating OutputConfused InputsWrong Chip TypeOmitted Pullup ResistorCMOS IssuesErratic OutputSwapped VoltagesHeat-Dependent Hysteresis
What It DoesHow It WorksDual InputsNegative FeedbackOp-Amps and ComparatorsVariantsValuesHow to Use ItControlling the GainCalculating AmplificationUnintentional DC Voltage AmplificationLow-Pass FilterHigh-Pass FilterRelaxation OscillatorSingle Power SourceOffset Null AdjustmentWhat Can Go WrongPower Supply ProblemsBad Connection of Unused SectionsOscillating OutputConfused Inputs
What It DoesAdvantagesHow It WorksVariantsVolatile and Nonvolatile MemoryTaperData TransferSPII2C ProtocolUp/Down ProtocolOther Control SystemsConnections and ModesValuesHow to Use ItAchieving Higher ResolutionWhat Can Go WrongNoise and Bad InputsWrong ChipController and Chip Out of SyncNonlinear EffectsData Transfer Too Fast
What It DoesMonostable ModeAstable ModeHow It WorksVariantsThe 555 Timer555 Monostable Operation555 Astable Operation556 Timer558 TimerCMOS 555 Timer5555 Timer7555 Timer7556 Timer4047B TimerDual Monostable TimersValues555 Timer ValuesTime Calculation in Monostable ModeTime Calculation in Astable ModeDual Monostable TimersHow to Use It555 Monostable Mode555 Astable ModeSeparate Control of High and Low Output Times555 Fifty Percent Astable Duty Cycle: 1555 Fifty Percent Astable Duty Cycle: 2Use of the 555 Control Pin555 Flip-Flop Emulation555 Hysteresis555 and Coupling Capacitors555 Loudspeaker ConnectionBurst Mode“You Lose” Game SoundWhat Can Go WrongDead TimerCMOS Confused with BipolarThe Pulse that Never EndsErratic Chip BehaviorInterference with Other ComponentsErratic Behavior of Output DevicesFatal Damage Caused by Inductive Loads

What It DoesOriginsHow It WorksInversionSingle-Input GatesGates with More than Two InputsBoolean NotationArithmetical OperationsOther OperationsVariantsPart NumbersFamiliesFamily InteroperabilityGates per ChipTwo Inputs, Single GateThree Inputs, Single GateSingle Gate, Selectable FunctionTwo Inputs, Dual GateOriginal 74xx 14-Pin FormatQuad Two-Input 74xx PinoutsTriple Three-Input 74xx PinoutsDual Four-Input 74xx PinoutsSingle Eight-Input 74xx Pinouts74xx InvertersAdditional VariationsPinouts in the Original 4000 Series4000 Series InvertersHow to Use ItWhich FamilyApplicationsWhat Can Go WrongStaticFloating PinsFamily IncompatibilitiesOverloaded OutputsOutput Pulled DownIncorrect Polarity and VoltagesBent PinsUnclean InputAnalog Input
What It DoesHow It WorksNAND-Based SR Flip-FlopNOR-Based SR Flip-FlopForbidden StatesThe JK Flip-FlopMaster-Slave Flip-FlopD-Type Flip-FlopsSummaryVariantsPackagingValuesHow to Use ItWhat Can Go WrongAmbiguous DocumentationFaulty TriggeringMetastabilityOther Issues
What It DoesSchematic RepresentationHow It WorksAbbreviations and AcronymsParallel Outputs and InputsVariantsSerial In, Serial OutSerial In, Parallel OutParallel In, Serial OutParallel In, Parallel OutUniversalValuesPower ConsiderationsThree-State OutputHow to Use ItDual InputsPreloading the Shift RegisterPolling a KeyboardArithmetical OperationsBufferingWhat Can Go WrongConfusing ClassificationInadequate Setup TimeUnconnected InputOutput Enable IssuesFloating Output Bus
What It DoesSchematic RepresentationHow It WorksModulus and ModuloPin IdentifiersVariantsRipple versus SynchronousRing, Binary, and BCDClock SourcesRising Edge and Falling EdgeMultiple StagesSingle and DualHigh-State, Low-State, and Three-StateDescending OutputProgrammable CountersExamplesValuesWhat Can Go WrongLock-OutAsynchronous ArtifactsNoise
What It DoesSchematic SymbolSimilar DevicesHow It WorksVariantsValuesHow to Use ItCascaded EncodersWhat Can Go Wrong
What it DoesInput DevicesLED DriverSchematic SymbolSimilar DevicesHow It WorksVariantsValuesHow to Use ItWhat Can Go WrongGlitchesUnhelpful ClassificationActive-Low and Active-High
What It DoesDifferential MultiplexerSimilar DevicesHow It WorksSchematic SymbolPin IdentifiersVariantsValuesHow to Use ItOther Application NotesWhat Can Go WrongPullup ResistorsBreak Before MakeSignal DistortionLimits of CMOS SwitchingTransients
What It DoesHow It WorksVariantsActive and Passive TypesCrystal TypesSeven-Segment DisplaysAdditional SegmentsDot-Matrix DisplaysColorBacklighting OptionsZero-Power DisplaysHow to Use ItNumeric Display ModulesAlphanumeric Display ModuleWhat Can Go WrongTemperature SensitivityExcessive MultiplexingDC DamageBad Communications ProtocolWiring Errors
What It DoesHistoryHow It WorksSpectrumNon-Incandescent SourcesPower ConsumptionVariantsMiniature LampsPanel-Mount Indicator LampsHalogen or Quartz-HalogenOven LampsBase VariantsValuesPowerIlluminanceIntensityMSCPEfficacyEfficiencyHow to Use ItRelative AdvantagesDeratingWhat Can Go WrongHigh Temperature EnvironmentFire RiskCurrent InrushReplacement Problems
What It DoesHow It WorksConstructionIonizationNegative ResistanceHow to Use ItLimited Light OutputEfficiencyRuggednessPower-Supply TestingLife ExpectancyVariantsNixie TubesWhat Can Go WrongFalse IndicationFailure in a Dark EnvironmentPremature Failure with DCPremature Failure through Voltage FluctuationsReplacement
What It DoesHow It WorksBallast and StarterFlickerVariantsCCFLsSizesComparisonsValuesBrightnessSpectrumWhat Can Go WrongUnreliable StartingTerminal FlickerCannot DimBurned Out ElectrodesUltraviolet Hazard
What It DoesHow It WorksLaser DiodeCoherent LightVariantsCO2 LasersFiber LasersCrystal LasersValuesHow to Use ItCommon ApplicationsWhat Can Go WrongRisk of InjuryInadequate Heat SinkUncontrolled Power SupplyPolarity
What It DoesSchematic SymbolsCommon UsageHow It WorksMulticolor LEDs and Color MixingVariantsSize and ShapeIntensityEfficacyDiffusionWavelength and Color TemperatureInternal ResistorMulticoloredInfraredUltravioletValuesForward CurrentLow-Current LEDsForward VoltageColor Rendering IndexLife ExpectancyLight Output and HeatView AngleHow to Use ItPolaritySeries Resistor ValueLEDs in ParallelMultiple Series LEDsComparisons with Other Light EmittersOther ApplicationsWhat Can Go WrongExcessive Forward VoltageExcessive Current and HeatStorage IssuesPolarityInternal Resistors
What It DoesTrends in Cost and EfficiencySchematic SymbolHow It WorksVisible DifferencesSide-by-Side ComparisonHeat DissipationEfficacyDimmingUltraviolet OutputColor VariationVariantsComparisonsValuesWhat Can Go WrongWrong VoltageOverheatingFluorescent Ballast IssuesMisleading Color Representation
What It DoesHow It WorksVariantsLCD comparisonsSeven-Segment DisplaysMultiple NumeralsAdditional SegmentsDot-Matrix DisplaysPixel ArraysMultiple Bar DisplaySingle Light BarValuesHow to Use ItSeven-Segment BasicsDriver Chips and MultiplexingSixteen-Segment Driver ChipDot-Matrix LED Display ModulesPixel ArraysMultiple Bar Display DriverOne-Digit Hexadecimal Dot MatrixWhat Can Go WrongCommon Anode versus Common CathodeIncorrect Series ResistanceMultiplexing Issues
What It DoesHow It WorksAnode, Cathode, and GridHow to Use ItModern ApplicationVariantsColorCharacter Sets and Pictorial DesignComparisonsWhat Can Go WrongFading
What It DoesHow It WorksPhosphorsDerivationVariantsPanelsFlexible RibbonsRope LightOLED
What It DoesHow It WorksVariantsElectromagneticPiezoelectricUltrasonic TransducerFormatsValuesFrequency RangeSound PressureWeighted Sound ValuesUnweighted ValuesMeasurement LocationLimitationsVoltageCurrentHow to Use ItAppropriate Sound IntensityVolume ControlAC SupplySelf-Drive Transducer CircuitWhat Can Go WrongOvervoltageLeakageComponent Mounting ProblemsMoistureTransducer-Indicator ConfusionConnection with a Microcontroller
What It DoesHow It WorksAudio FrequencyHistoryVariantsSound PatternsFormatsValuesVoltageCurrentFrequencyDuty CycleHow to Use ItAppropriate Sound IntensityVolume ControlWiringWhat Can Go Wrong
What It DoesHow It WorksAudio BasicsVariantsMoving CoilOther TypesMechanical DesignValuesIntensityFrequency ResponseDistortionImpedanceWhat Can Go WrongOverdrivingHearing DamageMismatched ImpedanceIncorrect Wiring
What It DoesHow It WorksConstructionMultiple DriversVentingResonanceMiniature SpeakersVariantsElectrostatic SpeakerPowered SpeakersWireless SpeakersInnovative DesignsValuesWhat Can Go WrongDamageMagnetic FieldVibration

Content preview from Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 2

Chapter 7. op-amp

What It Does

An op-amp is an operational amplifier consisting of multiple transistors packaged in an integrated circuit chip. It senses the fluctuating voltage difference between two inputs, uses power from an external supply to amplify that difference, and uses negative feedback to ensure that the output is an accurate replica of the input. Its amplification can be adjusted by changing ...

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Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 3

Charles Platt

Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1

Charles Platt

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Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9781449334178Errata Page Purchase book