Engineering Ethics

Index

215

American Institute for Steel Construction

(AISC)

Code of standard practice for steel

buildings & bridges,60

Designing with Structural Steel: a Guide

for Architects,67

Manual of Steel Construction,55

Anonymous Seven, 29, 160

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 87

At-will employment, 37

Automobile safety, 39–41

Ford lifeguard design, 40

Highway Safety Act, 40

Motor Vehicle Safety Act, 40

Nader, Ralph. See Nader, Ralph

National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration (NHTSA)

History, 40, 137

Investigation, Ford Pinto, 45–46

Investigations, stability, 137–138

Safety door locks, 39

Standard 301, 41

Passage delays, 44–45

Text, 47–49

Bell Laboratories

Fraud, 119

Aftermath, 128

Investigation, 126–128

Warning, early, 130

History, 120–123

Bemer, Bob, 116

Bjork,Viking, 100–101, 107

Bjork-Shiley heart valve

Complications, disc, 102

Movement obstruction, 102

Rupture, 102

Warning, early, 107

Designs, 100–101

Investigations, 102–104

Lawsuits, 104–105

U.S. civil suit, 104

Bowling v. Pfizer settlement, 104–105

Recall, 99, 104

Warning, early, 107

Boisjoly, Roger, 71–73

O-ring investigations, 71–72

Pre-launch meeting, 71

California statutes

Environmental Quality Act, 95–96

Earthquake safety, 96

False advertising statute, 140

Case studies

Individual, anonymous, 185–202

Biomedical engineer, 187–189,

194–195, 198–200

Computer engineer, 200–201

Electrical engineer, 191–192, 196–197,

201–202

Geologic engineer, 192–194

Mechanical engineer, 189–191, 197–198

National, 37–184

Bell Laboratories scientific fraud,

119–132

Bjork-Shiley heart valve defect,

99–108

Challenger space shuttle explosion,

63–74

Columbia space shuttle explosion,

145–152

Exxon Valdez oil spill, 75–88

Ford Explorer rollover, 133–144

Ford Pinto recall, 39–52

Guidant Ancure endograft system,

153–162

Indian Ocean tsunami, 177–184

Kansas City Hyatt Regency skywalk

collapse, 53–62

Northeast blackout, 163–176

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216 Index

Case studies (continued)

San Francisco-Oakland bay

bridge earthquake collapse,

89–98

Y2K software conversion, 109–118

Challenger space shuttle

Design, 63–66

Explosion, 63, 69

Warning, early, 71–73

Investigations

Boisjoly, Roger. See Boisjoly, Roger

Presidential commission, 69–71

Launch, 51-L

Delays, 68

Timeline, 68–69

O-ring joint sealing

Design

Space shuttle, 67–68

Titan III, 67

Safety reporting structure, 71, 74

Coal slurry, 3

Definition, 4

Spill, Massey Energy, 4–6

Collapse,87

Columbia space shuttle, 145, 152

Design

External tank insulation, 146–147

Explosion, 145

Warning, early, 151

Foam loss, 147–148

Specifications, 150

Investigation, 148–149

Recommendations, 149–150

Launch, STS-107

Delays, 148

Re-entry, 148

Corapi, John, 32–33

Corporate average fuel economy (CAFE)

standards, 134

Sport utility vehicle (SUV) loophole, 134

Corporation,The, 20–21

Cost-benefit analysis, 40–41

Auto safety, 40–41, 44–45

Human life, 44, 51–52

Deep Throat, 184

Engineering ethics

Codes, 13–14

Effectiveness of, 14

IEEE code of ethics, 13, 210

NSPE code of ethics for engineers,

13, 203–209

Definition, 6

Enron:The Smartest Guys in the

Room, 174

Ethical dilemmas

Accountability to clients & customers, 18

Conflict of interest, 18

Data integrity & representation, 17

Fair treatment, 18

Gift giving & bribery, 17

Principle of informed consent, 17

Public safety & welfare, 16

Trade secrets & industrial espionage, 17

Ethical theories, 7–13

Duty ethics, 10–11

Rights ethics, 11–12

Utilitarianism, 9–10

Virtue ethics, 12–13

Exxon Valdez

Hazelwood, Joseph, 79–80

Last voyage, 79–80

Oil spill, 75, 79–80, See also Oil spill,

Alaskan

False Claims Act, 30–31, 35

Fog of War, The,51

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Good manufacturing practices, 154

Hazard analysis, 161

Premarket approval, 154

Medical device report, 154

Ford Explorer

Bickerstaff, David, 141–142

Design

Stability defects, 136–137

Stability early warning, 140–142

2002 Model, 139

Firestone tires, 133–134

Ford Bronco II, 135

Investigation, NHTSA, 138

Lawsuits, 138–139

Advertising settlement, 133

Marketing, 135

Ford Pinto

Design defect, 42–43

Warning, early, 49–50

Investigations, safety

Dowie, Mark, 45

Ford engineers, 49–50

NHTSA, 45–46

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Index 217

Lawsuits, 46–47

Project goals & schedule, 41–42

Recall, 39, 46

Gioia, Dennis, xvii–xviii, 7

Graham, David, 34–35

Greenhouse, Bunnatine, 30

Guidant Ancure endograft system

Complications

Clinical study, 155–156

Post-approval, 156–157

Warning, early, 160

Design, 155–156

Graft surgery, 155

Investigations

FDA onsite, 157

Internal, 157–158

Settlement, 153, 158

U.S. attorney, 158–160

Recall, 157

Indian Ocean tsunami, 177

Aftermath, 180–181

Earthquake

Mechanism, tsunami, 177–178

Sumatra-Andaman, 178

Timeline, 179

Warning

Systems, 181–182

Early, 182–183

Insider, The,34

Kansas City Hyatt Regency, 53

Atrium roof collapse, 57

Development process, 54–55

Walkway

Collapse, 53, 57

Collapse administrative hearing, 58–59

Collapse investigation, 57–58

Design, general, 53–54

Design, hanger rod, 56–57

Design warning, 59

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), 87–88

Mine Safety & Health Administration

(MSHA), 4–6

Nader, Ralph, 40

Unsafe At Any Speed,40

Nanotechnology, 123

Schon, J. Hendrik. See Schon, J. Hendrik

North American Electric Reliability Council

(NERC) policies, 170–172

North American Interconnection, 163–165

Design, 164–165

National Academy of Engineering

achievement, greatest, 163–164

Ohio grid, 166–167

Reliability, 165–166

Deregulation and, 166

Voluntary compliance, 166

Northeast blackout, 163

Investigation, 168, 170

Recommendations, 170

Timeline, 167–169

Warnings, early, 172–173

Oil Pollution Act of 1990, 82–85

Oil spill,Alaskan

Animals affected, 81

Area covered, 80–81

Cleanup, 80–81

Gallons spilled, 80

Investigation, 81–82

Recommendations, 81–82

Lawsuits, 82

Preparedness plans, 78–79

Alyeska, 78

Exxon, 78

Implementation, 78–79

National Response Team, 78

Port Prince William Sound pollution

action, 78

Regional Response Teams, 78

State of Alaska, 78

Warning, early, 85–86

Options for action

Departure, 23–24

Employee conscience, 25–30

Employee protection legislation,

26–27

Employee protection procedures, 28–29

Observer conscience, 30–33

Observer protection legislation, 30–31

Observer protection procedures, 31–32

Whistleblowing, 24–25

Paris airport roof collapse, 60–61

Personal engineering ethics threshold

Determination of, 18–19

Options for action when reached.

See also Options for action

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