June 2009
Intermediate to advanced
1100 pages
42h 22m
English
A series in which positive and negative terms occur alternately is called an Alternating Series.
Regarding convergence behavior of an alternating series, we have the following theorem, known as Leibnitz's Rule.
Theorem 1.19. (Leibnitz's Rule). If un is positive and monotonically decreases to the limit zero, then the alternating series u1 – u2+ u3–u4 + … is convergent.
Proof: Consider
Writing this expression as
we see that when p is odd, –un+p occurs in the last bracket; and when p is even, un+p is the last term. Since un ≥ un+ 1, each bracket is non-negative and so the the expression discussed earlier is nonnegative.
Now we write the same expression ...