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Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 5th Edition

Name: Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 5th Edition
ISBN: 9781284123043

by Linda Null, Julia Lobur

March 2018

Beginner

744 pages

26h 5m

English

Jones & Bartlett Learning

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Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Preface
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Computer Systems
1.2.1 The Main Components of a Computer1.2.2 System Components1.2.3 Classification of Computing Devices
1.3 An Example System: Wading Through the Jargon
1.4 Standards Organizations

1.5 Historical Development
1.5.1 Generation Zero: Mechanical Calculating Machines (1642–1945)1.5.2 The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1945–1953)1.5.3 The Second Generation: Transistorized Computers (1954–1965)1.5.4 The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit Computers (1965–1980)1.5.5 The Fourth Generation: VLSI Computers (1980–????)1.5.6 Moore’s Law
1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy
1.7 Cloud Computing: Computing as a Service
1.8 The Fragility of the Internet
1.9 The Von Neumann Model
1.10 Non-Von Neumann Models
1.11 Parallel Processors and Parallel Computing
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
References
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
Exercises
CHAPTER 2 Data Representation in Computer Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Positional Numbering Systems
2.3 Converting Between Bases
2.3.1 Converting Unsigned Whole Numbers2.3.2 Converting Fractions2.3.3 Converting Between Power-of-Two Radices
2.4 Signed Integer Representation
2.4.1 Signed Magnitude2.4.2 Complement Systems2.4.3 Excess-M Representation for Signed Numbers2.4.4 Unsigned Versus Signed Numbers2.4.5 Computers, Arithmetic, and Booth’s Algorithm2.4.6 Carry Versus Overflow2.4.7 Binary Multiplication and Division Using Shifting
2.5 Floating-Point Representation
2.5.1 A Simple Model2.5.2 Floating-Point Arithmetic2.5.3 Floating-Point Errors2.5.4 The IEEE-754 Floating-Point Standard2.5.5 Range, Precision, and Accuracy2.5.6 Additional Problems with Floating-Point Numbers
2.6 Character Codes
2.6.1 Binary-Coded Decimal2.6.2 EBCDIC2.6.3 ASCII2.6.4 Unicode
2.7 Error Detection and Correction
2.7.1 Cyclic Redundancy Check2.7.2 Hamming Codes2.7.3 Reed-Solomon
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
References
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
Exercises
CHAPTER 3 Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Boolean Algebra
3.2.1 Boolean Expressions3.2.2 Boolean Identities3.2.3 Simplification of Boolean Expressions3.2.4 Complements3.2.5 Representing Boolean Functions
3.3 Logic Gates
3.3.1 Symbols for Logic Gates3.3.2 Universal Gates3.3.3 Multiple Input Gates
3.4 Karnaugh Maps
3.4.1 Introduction3.4.2 Description of Kmaps and Terminology3.4.3 Kmap Simplification for Two Variables3.4.4 Kmap Simplification for Three Variables3.4.5 Kmap Simplification for Four Variables3.4.6 Don’t Care Conditions3.4.7 Summary
3.5 Digital Components
3.5.1 Digital Circuits and Their Relationship to Boolean Algebra3.5.2 Integrated Circuits3.5.3 Putting It All Together: From Problem Description to Circuit
3.6 Combinational Circuits
3.6.1 Basic Concepts3.6.2 Examples of Typical Combinational Circuits
3.7 Sequential Circuits
3.7.1 Basic Concepts3.7.2 Clocks3.7.3 Flip-Flops3.7.4 Finite-State Machines3.7.5 Examples of Sequential Circuits3.7.6 An Application of Sequential Logic: Convolutional Coding and Viterbi Detection
3.8 Designing Circuits
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
References
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
Exercises
CHAPTER 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer
4.1 Introduction
4.2 CPU Basics and Organization
4.2.1 The Registers4.2.2 The ALU4.2.3 The Control Unit
4.3 The Bus
4.4 Clocks
4.5 The Input/Output Subsystem
4.6 Memory Organization and Addressing
4.7 Interrupts
4.8 MARIE
4.8.1 The Architecture4.8.2 Registers and Buses4.8.3 Instruction Set Architecture4.8.4 Register Transfer Notation
4.9 Instruction Processing
4.9.1 The Fetch–Decode–Execute Cycle4.9.2 Interrupts and the Instruction Cycle4.9.3 MARIE’s I/O
4.10 A Simple Program
4.11 A Discussion on Assemblers
4.11.1 What Do Assemblers Do?4.11.2 Why Use Assembly Language?
4.12 Extending Our Instruction Set
4.13 A Discussion on Decoding: Hardwired Versus Microprogrammed Control
4.13.1 Machine Control4.13.2 Hardwired Control4.13.3 Microprogrammed Control
4.14 Real-World Examples of Computer Architectures
4.14.1 Intel Architectures4.14.2 MIPS Architectures
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
References
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
Exercises
True or False
CHAPTER 5 A Closer Look at Instruction Set Architectures
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Instruction Formats
5.2.1 Design Decisions for Instruction Sets5.2.2 Little Versus Big Endian5.2.3 Internal Storage in the CPU: Stacks Versus Registers5.2.4 Number of Operands and Instruction Length5.2.5 Expanding Opcodes
5.3 Instruction Types
5.3.1 Data Movement5.3.2 Arithmetic Operations5.3.3 Boolean Logic Instructions5.3.4 Bit Manipulation Instructions5.3.5 Input/Output Instructions5.3.6 Instructions for Transfer of Control5.3.7 Special-Purpose Instructions5.3.8 Instruction Set Orthogonality
5.4 Addressing
5.4.1 Data Types5.4.2 Address Modes
5.5 Instruction Pipelining
5.6 Real-World Examples of ISAs
5.6.1 Intel5.6.2 MIPS5.6.3 Java Virtual Machine5.6.4 ARM
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
References
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
Exercises
True or False
CHAPTER 6 Memory
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Memory
6.3 The Memory Hierarchy
6.3.1 Locality of Reference
6.4 Cache Memory
6.4.1 Cache Mapping Schemes6.4.2 Replacement Policies6.4.3 Effective Access Time and Hit Ratio6.4.4 When Does Caching Break Down?6.4.5 Cache Write Policies6.4.6 Instruction and Data Caches6.4.7 Levels of Cache
6.5 Virtual Memory
6.5.1 Paging6.5.2 Effective Access Time Using Paging6.5.3 Putting It All Together: Using Cache, TLBs, and Paging6.5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Paging and Virtual Memory6.5.5 Segmentation6.5.6 Paging Combined with Segmentation
6.6 Real -World Examples of Memory Management
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
References
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
Exercises
CHAPTER 7 Input/Output Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 I/O and Performance
7.3 Amdahl’s Law
7.4 I/O Architectures
7.4.1 I/O Control Methods7.4.2 Character I/O Versus Block I/O7.4.3 I/O Bus Operation7.4.4 I/O Buses and Interfaces
7.5 Data Transmission Modes
7.5.1 Parallel Data Transmission7.5.2 Serial Data Transmission
7.6 Disk Technology
7.6.1 Rigid Disk Drives7.6.2 Solid State Drives
7.7 Optical Disks
7.7.1 CD-ROM7.7.2 DVD7.7.3 Blue-Violet Laser Discs7.7.4 Optical Disk Recording Methods
7.8 Magnetic Tape
7.8.1 LTO: Linear Tape Open
7.9 RAID
7.9.1 RAID Level 07.9.2 RAID Level 17.9.3 RAID Level 27.9.4 RAID Level 37.9.5 RAID Level 47.9.6 RAID Level 57.9.7 RAID Level 67.9.8 RAID DP7.9.9 Hybrid RAID Systems
7.10 The Future of Data Storage
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
References
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
Exercises
CHAPTER 8 System Software
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Operating Systems
8.2.1 Operating Systems History8.2.2 Operating System Design8.2.3 Operating System Services
8.3 Protected Environments
8.3.1 Virtual Machines8.3.2 Subsystems and Partitions8.3.3 Protected Environments and the Evolution of Systems Architectures
8.4 Programming Tools
8.4.1 Assemblers and Assembly8.4.2 Link Editors8.4.3 Dynamic Link Libraries8.4.4 Compilers8.4.5 Interpreters
8.5 Java: All of the Above
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
References
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
Exercises
CHAPTER 9 Alternative Architectures
9.1 Introduction
9.2 RISC Machines
9.3 Flynn’s Taxonomy
9.4 Parallel and Multiprocessor Architectures
9.4.1 Superscalar and VLIW9.4.2 Vector Processors9.4.3 Interconnection Networks9.4.4 Shared Memory Multiprocessors9.4.5 Distributed Computing
9.5 Alternative Parallel Processing Approaches
9.5.1 Dataflow Computing9.5.2 Neural Networks9.5.3 Systolic Arrays
9.6 Quantum Computing
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
References
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
Exercises
CHAPTER 10 Topics in Embedded Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 An Overview of Embedded Hardware
10.2.1 Off-the-Shelf Embedded System Hardware10.2.2 Configurable Hardware10.2.3 Custom-Designed Embedded Hardware
10.3 An Overview of Embedded Software
10.3.1 Embedded Systems Memory Organization10.3.2 Embedded Operating Systems10.3.3 Embedded Systems Software Development
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
References
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
Exercises
CHAPTER 11 Performance Measurement and Analysis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Computer Performance Equations
11.3 Mathematical Preliminaries
11.3.1 What the Means Mean11.3.2 The Statistics and Semantics
11.4 Benchmarking
11.4.1 Clock Rate, MIPS, and FLOPS11.4.2 Synthetic Benchmarks: Whetstone, Linpack, and Dhrystone11.4.3 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation Benchmarks11.4.4 Transaction Processing Performance Council Benchmarks11.4.5 System Simulation
11.5 CPU Performance Optimization
11.5.1 Branch Optimization11.5.2 Use of Good Algorithms and Simple Code
11.6 Disk Performance
11.6.1 Understanding the Problem11.6.2 Physical Considerations11.6.3 Logical Considerations
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
References
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
Exercises
Glossary
Answers and Hints for Selected Exercises
Index

Content preview from Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 5th Edition

3.6 COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS

Digital logic chips are combined to give us useful circuits. These logic circuits can be categorized as either combinational logic or sequential logic. This section introduces combinational logic. Sequential logic is covered in Section 3.7.

3.6.1 Basic Concepts

Combinational logic is used to build circuits that contain basic Boolean operators, inputs, and outputs. The key concept in recognizing a combinational circuit is that an output is always based entirely on the given inputs (as we saw in Examples 3.20 and 3.21). Thus, the output of a combinational circuit is a function of its inputs, and the output is uniquely determined by the values of the inputs at any given moment. A given combinational circuit may ...

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Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 6th Edition

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ISBN: 9781284123043

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Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 5th Edition

by Linda Null, Julia Lobur

3.6 COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS

3.6.1 Basic Concepts

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