Feature Extraction & Image Processing, 2nd Edition

broader view was taken later (Jain et al., 1998). A comprehensive survey of flexible extractions

from medical imagery (McInerney and Terzopolous, 1996) reinforces the dominance of snakes

in medical image analysis, to which they are particularly suited given a target of smooth shapes.

(An excellent survey of history and progress of medical image analysis is available (Duncan

and Ayache, 2000).) Few of the textbooks devote much space to shape extraction, and snakes,

especially level set methods, are too recent a development to be included in many textbooks.

One text alone is dedicated to shape analysis (van Otterloo, 1991) and contains many discussions

on symmetry. A visit to Professor Cootes’ website (http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk/∼bim/) reveals a

lengthy report on flexible shape modelling and a lot of support material (including Windows and

Linux code) in active shape modelling. For work on level set methods for image segmentation,

see Cremers et al. (2007).

6.7 References

Adalsteinsson, D. and Sethian, J., A Fast Level Set Method for Propagating Interfaces, J. Com-

putational Physics, 118(2), pp. 269–277, 1995

Bamford, P. and Lovell, B., Unsupervised Cell Nucleus Segmentation with Active Contours,

Signal Process., 71, pp. 203–213, 1998

Benn, D. E., Nixon, M. S. and Carter, J. N., Extending Concentricity Analysis by Deformable

Templates for Improved Eye Extraction. Proc. of the 2nd Int. Conf. on Audio- and Video-

Based Biometric Person Authentication AVBPA99, pp. 1–6, 1999

Berger, M. O., Towards Dynamic Adaption of Snake Contours, Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Image

Analysis and Processing, Como, Italy, pp. 47–54, 1991

Blum, H., A Transformation for Extracting New Descriptors of Shape, In: W. Wathen-Dunn

(Ed.), Models for the Perception of Speech and Visual Form, MIT Press, Cambridge,

MA, 1967

Borgefors, G., Distance Transformations in Digital Images, CVGIP, 34(3), pp. 344–371, 1986

Caselles, V., Catte, F., Coll, T. and Dibos, F., A Geometric Model for Active Contours.

Numerische Mathematic, 66, pp. 1–31, 1993

Caselles, V., Kimmel, R. and Sapiro, G., Geodesic Active Contours, Int. J. Comput. Vision,

22(1), pp. 61–79, 1997

Cham, T. J. and Cipolla, R., Symmetry Detection through Local Skewed Symmetries, Image

Vision Comput., 13(5), pp. 439–450, 1995

Chan, T. F. and Vese, L. A., Active Contours Without Edges, IEEE Trans. Image Process.,

10(2), pp. 266–277, 2001

Cohen, L. D., Note: On Active Contour Models and Balloons, CVGIP: Image Understand.,

53(2), pp. 211–218, 1991

Cohen, I., Cohen, L. D. and Ayache, N., Using Deformable Surfaces to Segment 3D Images

and Inter Differential Structures, CVGIP: Image Understand., 56(2), pp. 242–263, 1992

Cohen, L. D. and Cohen, I., Finite-Element Methods for Active Contour Models and Balloons

for 2D and 3D Images, IEEE Trans. PAMI, 15(11), pp. 1131–1147, 1993

Cootes, T. F., Hill, A., Taylor, C. J. and Haslam, J., The Use of Active Shape Models for

Locating Structures in Medical Images, Image Vision Comput., 12(6), pp. 355–366, 1994

Cootes, T. F., Taylor, C. J., Cooper, D. H. and Graham, J., Active Shape Models – Their

Training and Application, CVIU, 61(1), pp. 38–59, 1995

276 Feature Extraction and Image Processing