From Additive Manufacturing to 3D/4D Printing 1

3Processes, Machines and Materials

“The development of technical means is the result of a constantly accumulated collective experience. Each generation continues to inherit experience from all those who preceded it. In the technical field, progress is a summet”. [DAU 79]

“Once formed, a perfectly organized system of opinions, closed upon itself, possessing numerous particularities and numerous relations, lasts over time, resisting everything that contradicts it”. [FLE 08]

“If systematic technology is an indispensible base, the tool only exists in the gesture that makes it technically efficient”. [LER 65]

“Domination of the machine presupposes a society in the final stages of growing entropy, where the probability is negligible and where the statistical differences between individuals are inexistent. We luckily have not reached such a state”. [DUB 90]

“The problem that is posed in the reality experienced by some research is not sinking into the intoxication of the technical and of acquisition with endless data, without once again entering into the field of hypothesis and its verification through experimentation”. [KOU 14]

“A subtle balance is to be found between creativity and routine to ensure hyper-growth. The notion of balance is often put forth to explain and justify hyper-growth. Managers are aware that they must take the time to find the proper balance to follow their dominant logic. Some managers even believe that they must constantly manage a ‘dynamic imbalance’”. [CHA ...