Magnitude
The magnitude or length of a vector is written as the letter of the vector surrounded by two bars, 
. The magnitude of a vector is the square root of the dot product of the vector with itself:
In addition to implementing the magnitude function, we're also going to implement a magnitude squared function. The formula is the same, but it avoids the expensive square root operation:
In games we often compare the magnitude of a vector to known numbers; ...
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