book

General Chemistry

by S Ekambaram

January 2013

Intermediate to advanced

645 pages

13h 58m

English

Pearson India

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Theories of atoms, molecules, and ionsFirst atomic modelPeriodic Table of elementsStoichiometryUnderstanding Chemical FoundationReview Questions
Limitations of classical theories and old quantum theoriesNeed for quantum chemistryElectromagnetic radiationPhotoelectric effectde Broglie EquationHeisenberg’s uncertainty principle or Heisenberg’s complimentary principleAbsorption and emission spectraAtomic spectrum of hydrogenQuantum mechanical approach for the atomSchrodinger’s time-independent equationHermitian operatorsQuantum numbersValence electronsThe particle in a boxHarmonic oscillatorRigid rotorUnderstanding Quantum ChemistryReview Questions
Basic termsTypes of energyThe first law of thermodynamicsThe second law of thermodynamicsOther applications of thermodynamicsMaxwell’s equationsJoule–Thomson coefficient, μJTThird law of thermodynamicsProperties of liquid heliumUnderstanding Thermodynamics and ThermochemistryReview Questions
Rates of reaction in generalOrder and molecularityRate laws or rate equationsModel for chemical kineticsActivated complex theoryUni-molecular reactionCatalysisPhoto-catalysisUnderstanding Chemical KineticsReview Questions
Difference between thermal and photochemical reactionsAbsorption and emission of energyFirst law of photochemistry (or Grotthus and Draper law)Second law of photochemistry (Einstein’s law of photochemical equivalence)Aspects of chain reactionUnderstanding PhotochemistryReview Questions

Reversible and irreversible reactionsChemical equilibrium and equilibrium constantUnderstanding Chemical EquilibriumReview Questions
Bonding between different atomsBonding between identical atomsTypes of chemical bondingCoordinate bondHydrogen bondingvan der Waal’s ForcesUnderstanding Chemical BondingReview Questions
Boyle’s lawCharles lawGay–Lussac’s lawAvogadro’s lawThe ideal gas lawMolar mass of gasDalton’s law of partial pressuresConcept of mole fraction of gas in the mixtureKinetic molecular theory of gasesRoot mean square velocityGraham’s law of rate of diffusion/effusionUnderstanding Ideal Gas Laws and van der Waal’s Gas Equation of Real Gas Review Questions
Terms required to understand colligative propertiesProperties of a solventEffect of solute on vapour pressure of solutionEffect of added non-volatile, non-electrolyte Solute on the boiling point of a solventEffect of added non-volatile, non-electrolyte solute on the freezing point of a solventOsmosisvan’t Hoff’s law of osmotic pressureExperimental measurement of osmotic pressure of a solutionAbnormal molecular weightSubnormal (lower) molecular weight for electrolyte solutionvan’t Hoff’s Factor, iReverse osmosisImportant equations to remember in this chapterUnderstanding Properties of Solutions (Colligative Properties)Review Questions
Terms used in phase ruleDerivation of Willard Gibbs phase ruleApplication of phase rulePhase diagramUnderstanding Phase RuleReview Questions
Classical definitionArrhenius theory of acids and basesLowry–bronsted theoryLewis theory of acids and basesOstwald’s acid–base theoryUnderstanding Acids and BasesReview Questions
Types of conductorsBasic laws of electrochemistryKohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ionsGalvanic cell (definition and property)Relationship between cell potential and free energyConcentration cellIrreversible cells (electrolysis)BatteriesFuel cellsBalancing the redox reactionsCorrosionPotentiometic titrationsHall process of production of aluminiumUnderstanding ElectrochemistryReview Questions
Definition of colloidsSolids in liquids (sols)Liquids in liquids (Emulsions)Liquids in solids (gels)Understanding Colloidal StateReview Questions
Occurrence and preparation of alkali elementsPhysical properties of alkali elementsChemical properties of alkali elementsUses of alkali metalsSodium hydroxideOccurrence and preparation of alkaline earth metalsPhysical properties of alkaline earth metalsChemical properties of alkaline earth metalsCementsHard waterUnderstanding Chemistry of s-Block Elements and Their Useful CompoundsReview Questions
Boron chemistryChemistry of nitrogenChemistry of phosphorusChemistry of sulphurChemistry of oxygenChemistry of halogensChemistry of interhalogen compoundsUnderstanding Main Group ChemistryReview Questions
Complex or coordination compunds and their typesLigands and their typesTypes of ligandsLewis acids and bases in complex compoundsChelates, chelate effect, and steric effectKinetics and thermodynamic stabilityTheories for complex compoundsCrystal field theory (CFT)Molecular orbital theoryIsomerismNomenclatureUnderstanding Coordination ChemistryReview Questions
Chemistry of lanthanidesChemistry of actinidesUnderstanding Chemistry of Lanthanides and ActinidesReview Questions
Synthesis of solid state materialsStructures of some simple and complex materialsCrystallography and general characterizationsLiquid crystalTheory of liquid crystals (the Swarm Theory)Glass or vitreous stateExperimental techniquesExotic properties and exciting applicationsHeterogeneous catalysisthree-way catalystsRecent trends in solid state chemistryHigh-temperature superconductors and Meisner effectUnderstanding Solid State ChemistryReview Questions
Chemistry of alkanes (hydrocarbons)Chemistry of alkenes and alkynesChemistry of aromatic hydrocarbonsChemistry of alcohols and phenolsChemistry of carbonyl compoundsChemistry of carboxylic acids and estersChemistry of aminesHofmann and Curtius rearrangementsSome important named reactionsUnderstanding Chemistry of Hydrocarbons and Their DerivativesReview Questions
Definition and examplesPolymer synthesis and its mechanismThermoplastic and thermoset plasticsSynthetic polymers and their usesElastomersFire retardant polymersSiliconesNatural polymersUnderstanding Chemistry of Synthetic and Natural PolymersReview Questions
Definition of basic termsRadioactive elements and their decayNuclear stabilityMagic numbersTypes of radioactive decayArtificial radioactivityNuclear fissionNuclear fusionHydrogen bombMass defectBinding energy of the nucleusKinetics of radioactive decayRadioactive seriesNuclear reactorsUnderstanding Nuclear ChemistryReview Questions

Content preview from General Chemistry

Chapter 9 Properties of Solutions (Colligative Properties)

OBJECTIVES

To state the aim of the chapter Properties of Solutions.
To introduce a few terms useful for this chapter.
To highlight conditions for ideal solutions with examples for ideal solutions and real solutions.
To state properties of solvents such as vapour pressure, boiling point, and freezing point.
To define Raoult’s law and its detailed derivation.
To describe in detail the experiment for the determination of relative lowering of vapour pressure by Ostwald and Walker’s method.
To solve numerical problems associated with Raoult’s law.
To investigate the effect of added non-volatile, non-electrolyte solute on the boiling point of a solvent.
To derive the relationship between ...