March 2015
Beginner to intermediate
840 pages
25h 12m
English
Content preview from GPS Satellite Surveying, 4th Edition
Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
O’Reilly covers everything we've got, with content to help us build a world-class technology community, upgrade the capabilities and competencies of our teams, and improve overall team performance as well as their engagement.I wanted to learn C and C++, but it didn't click for me until I picked up an O'Reilly book. When I went on the O’Reilly platform, I was astonished to find all the books there, plus live events and sandboxes so you could play around with the technology.I’ve been on the O’Reilly platform for more than eight years. I use a couple of learning platforms, but I'm on O'Reilly more than anybody else. When you're there, you start learning. I'm never disappointed.I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.
4.4 3D Geodetic Model
Once the angular observations have been corrected for the deflection of the vertical, it is a simple matter to develop the mathematics for the 3D geodetic model. The reduced observations, i.e., the observables of the 3D geodetic model, are the geodetic azimuth 
, the geodetic horizontal angle 
, the geodetic vertical angle 
(or the geodetic zenith angle 
), and the slant distance 
. Geometrically speaking, these observables refer to the geodetic horizon and the ellipsoidal normal. The reduced horizontal angle is an angle between two normal planes, defined by the target points and the ellipsoidal normal at the observing station. The geodetic vertical angle is the angle between the geodetic horizon and the line of sight to the target.
We assume that the vertical angle has been corrected for atmospheric refraction. The model can be readily extended to include refraction parameters if needed. Thanks to the availability of GNSS systems, we no longer depend on vertical angle ...
Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.
Read now
Unlock full access
More than 5,000 organizations count on O’Reilly
O’Reilly covers everything we've got, with content to help us build a world-class technology community, upgrade the capabilities and competencies of our teams, and improve overall team performance as well as their engagement.Julian F.
I wanted to learn C and C++, but it didn't click for me until I picked up an O'Reilly book. When I went on the O’Reilly platform, I was astonished to find all the books there, plus live events and sandboxes so you could play around with the technology.Addison B.
I’ve been on the O’Reilly platform for more than eight years. I use a couple of learning platforms, but I'm on O'Reilly more than anybody else. When you're there, you start learning. I'm never disappointed.Amir M.
I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.