Hadoop: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition

Chapter 3. The Hadoop Distributed Filesystem

When a dataset outgrows the storage capacity of a single physical machine, it becomes necessary to partition it across a number of separate machines. Filesystems that manage the storage across a network of machines are called distributed filesystems. Since they are network-based, all the complications of network programming kick in, thus making distributed filesystems more complex than regular disk filesystems. For example, one of the biggest challenges is making the filesystem tolerate node failure without suffering data loss.

Hadoop comes with a distributed filesystem called HDFS, which stands for Hadoop Distributed Filesystem. (You may sometimes see references to “DFS”—informally or in older documentation or configurations—which is the same thing.) HDFS is Hadoop’s flagship filesystem and is the focus of this chapter, but Hadoop actually has a general-purpose filesystem abstraction, so we’ll see along the way how Hadoop integrates with other storage systems (such as the local filesystem and Amazon S3).

The Design of HDFS

HDFS is a filesystem designed for storing very large files with streaming data access patterns, running on clusters of commodity hardware.^[22] Let’s examine this statement in more detail:

Very large files

“Very large” in this context means files that are hundreds of megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes in size. There are Hadoop clusters running today that store petabytes of data.^[23]

Streaming data access

HDFS is built around ...