National Culture as Value Orientations: Consequences of Value Differences and Cultural Distance
Shalom H. Schwartz, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the National Research University-Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
Abstract
This chapter presents my theory of seven cultural value orientations and applies it to understanding relations of culture to significant societal phenomena. The first section explicates my conception of culture – a conception of the normative value system that underlies social practices and institutions. I then derive seven value orientations that are useful for describing and comparing societies. Next, the chapter discusses the conceptual underpinnings for measuring the cultural value orientations. ...
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