Ice Templating and Freeze-Drying for Porous Materials and Their Applications

10Other Developments and Perspectives in the Fabrication of New Materials Facilitated by Freezing and Freeze‐drying

The ice‐templating approach for the preparation of porous and functional materials is a two‐stage process. The templates are first created by a freezing step and then removed in the second stage, usually by a freeze‐drying process. Ice templating is often applied to solutions or suspensions (mostly water‐based), with the solutes or dispersants to determine what materials may be fabricated. The ice‐templating method may be also used in systems based on organic solvents or in combination with other techniques, in order to produce materials with better control in porosity/morphology or more functions. Some of these have been mentioned ...