Chapter 4Redefining Resources andWaste
The invention of the ship was also the invention of the shipwreck.
— Paul Virilio
4.1 IND4.0 REDEFINES RESOURCES
Each industrial revolution brings new products and new ways to manufacture, distribute, and use them. This means that new resources and raw materials are utilized and new types of waste materials are produced in each industrial revolution. But the role of energy is of special importance, as Jänicke and Jacob have stressed [1]: “‘Industrial Revolution’ should be perceived as a radical and abrupt but also long‐lasting (‘secular’) change at all levels of society. Due to fundamental technical innovations in the energy field, especially in generation and utilization, a new balance between the economy and the institutional framework is developing.”
Around 1750, we discovered that there is a new source of energy named coal, which ...
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