Inorganic Battery Materials

Redox-Active Inorganic Materials for Redox Flow Batteries

Bo Hu, Jian Luo, Camden DeBruler, Maowei Hu, Wenda Wu and T. Leo Liu

Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA

1. 1 Introduction
2. 2 Iron–Chromium Redox Flow Battery
3. 3 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
4. 4 Zinc‐based Inorganic Redox Flow Batteries
5. 5 All‐iron Redox Flow Battery
6. 6 Polyoxometalate and Heteropolyacid Redox Flow Battery
7. 7 Polysulfide–Polyhalide Redox Flow Batteries
8. 8 Other Nonaqueous Inorganic Redox Flow Batteries
9. 9 Perspective
10. 10 Conclusion
11. 11 Acknowledgments
12. 12 Abbreviations and Acronyms
13. References

1 Introduction

Extensive consuming of fossil fuels within less than 200 years has resulted in the truth that concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere increased dramatically from 280 ppm at the beginning of industrial revolution in the nineteenth century to about 408 ppm in 2018,(1) which has caused serious substantial environmental impacts. Utilization of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy represents a sustainable and environmentally benign strategy to alleviate the world's severe dependency on traditional fossil fuels.(2) It is estimated that 68% of today's electrical energy is supplied from fossil fuels while only 3% from renewable energy technologies.(3) However, under the pressure of global warming and climate change, more attention and efforts have been focused on renewable energy utilization. For example, global wind power generation capacity is expected to reach 474 GW in the year 2020, about five times ...