Inorganic Battery Materials

Synchrotron-Based Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy for Battery Material Studies

Wanli Yang

Advanced Light Source, E O Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

1. 1 Introduction
2. 2 Synchrotron Based SXS Techniques
3. 3 General SXS Demonstrations of Batteries
4. 4 K‐Edge sXAS of Low‐Z Elements in Batteries
5. 5 sXAS for Quantifying TM Cationic Redox Reactions
6. 6 RIXS for Detecting the Subtle Chemical Contrast
7. 7 mRIXS for Detecting Novel Mn Redox States
8. 8 mRIXS Fingerprints Oxygen Redox States
9. 9 Perspectives on in Situ SXS of Batteries
10. 10 Summary and Conclusions
11. 11 Acknowledgment
12. 12 Related Articles
13. 13 Abbreviations and Acronyms
14. 14 References

1 Introduction

Today's sustainable energy applications such as electric vehicles (EVs) and electric grid require high‐efficiency low‐cost electric energy storage solution that is hard to manage through existing battery systems. Nonetheless, rechargeable battery systems through reversible electrochemical storage/release of ions and electrons remain one of the most promising candidates. While rechargeable Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) provide so far the best energy density for EVs, the rechargeable Na‐ion battery (NIB) holds the promise of low‐cost for grid‐scale storage. In the past decades, tremendous research and development efforts have been made to achieve both a systematic understanding and technological optimization of batteries by researchers in the academy, government, and industry. Despite all these efforts, technological breakthrough remains formidable ...