Appendix A Sums and Products
Suppose we have a given set of 
real numbers 
. The symbol
is an abbreviation for the sum 
. Often, and when no confusion arises, we simply write 
. It is apparent that in the above notation, 
is merely used as a symbol to indicate the starting (
) and the final (
) index in the summation and that in no way affects the value of the sum. Therefore, for instance,
It is also clear that the range of indices in the summation could be any subset of 
such ...
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