1.6 Operating Systems
Operating systems are software systems that make using computers more convenient for users, application developers and system administrators. They provide services that allow each application to execute safely, efficiently and concurrently (i.e., in parallel) with other applications. The software that contains the core components of the operating system is called the kernel. Popular desktop operating systems include Linux, Windows and macOS (formerly called OS X)—we used all three in developing this book. The most popular mobile operating systems used in smartphones and tablets are Google’s Android and Apple’s iOS (for iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch devices).
1.6.1 Windows—A Proprietary Operating System
In the mid-1980s, ...
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