Book description
Laboratory Imaging and Photography: Best Practices for Photomicrography and More is the definitive guide to the production of scientific images. Inside, the reader will find an overview of the theory and practice of laboratory photography, along with useful approaches to choosing equipment, handling samples, and working with microscopic subjects. Drawing from over 150 years of combined experience in the field, the authors outline methods of properly capturing, processing and archiving the images that are essential to scientific research. Also included are chapters on applied close-up photography, artificial light photography and the optics used in today’s laboratory environment, with detailed entries on light, confocal and scanning electron microscopy. A lab manual for the digital era, this peerless reference book explains how to record visual data accurately in an industry where a photograph can serve to establish a scientific fact.
Key features include:
- Over 200 full-color photographs and illustrations
- A condensed history of scientific photography
- Tips on using the Adobe Creative Suite for scientific applications
- A cheat sheet of best practices
- Methods used in computational photography
Table of contents
- Cover
- Half Title
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Table of Contents
- About the Author
- About the Contributors
- About the Series
- Acknowledgements
- Preface: In the Beginning
- Dedication
- Introduction: The Imaging Chain
-
Part I Foundations, Fundamentals, Principles, and Theory
-
1 Defining a Science Image
- A Frame of Reference for the Image in Science
- The Science Image: A Point of Departure
- Science Photographs Require a Scale
- Photographer’s Intent and Subject Matter
- A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words
- The Beginnings of Permanent Photographs and Scientific Photography
- Making the Invisible Visible
- Historical Images and a Contemporary Point of View
- Standardized Approaches and Repeatability
- Father of Standardized Imaging
- Innovators and Technological Progress
- Instrumentation
- Microscopy and Carl Zeiss
- The Invisible Spectrum
- Advancements in Film Technology—Kodak, Agfa, Ilford, and Polaroid
- Short Duration Light, Electric Flash, and Stroboscopes
- Modern Technologies—Digital and Electronic Photography
- Scanning Electron Microscopy
- Duality of Images
- Science Images as Art
- Suggested Reading
-
2 Human Vision and Perception
- The Imaging Room
- Seeing
- Basic Structures in the Human Visual System
- Optics of the Eye and Image Formation
- The Physiology of Seeing
- Dominant Eye
- Visual Perception and the Physiological Aspects of Sight
- Perception of Color
- Persistence of Vision
- Afterimage
- Perception of Depth
- Adaptation
- More on Perception
- Mirages or Illusions
- Suggested Reading
-
3 Applied Physics and Image Formation for the Scientific Photographer
- Light
- Visibility Requires Contrast, Magnification, and Resolution
- Sources
- Continuous and Discontinuous Spectrums
- Color Temperature
- Continuous or Pulsed Emission
- Light Behaviors
- Lenses
- Lenses for Scientific Applications
- Photographic Filters
- Aberrations
- Image Depth of Field
- Diffraction
- Suggested Reading
-
4 Digital Cameras, Digital Images, and Strategies
- The Role of the Camera
- Camera Components
- Camera Modes of Operation
- Photographic Exposure
- Light Measurement
- Shutters
- Shutter Effects on Images
- Mirrorless Cameras
- Sensors
- Pixels
- Single-shot Area Array Sensors
- Multi-shot Area Array Sensors
- Sensor Sensitivity ISO, Binning, Gain
- Noise: Dark, Shot, Sensor, and Evaluating Noise
- Sensor Evaluation
- Bit Depth
- Color Space
- Gamma and Contrast
- White Balance
- Capture File Formats
- Capturing Using Camera Digital Filters
- Digital Artifacts: Aliasing
- Connecting Devices
- Memory Cards
- Suggested Reading
-
1 Defining a Science Image
-
Part II Applications, Best Practices, and Methods
-
5 The Sample and its Role in Laboratory Photography
- The Sample and Photographic Treatments
- Preparation for Imaging
- Selecting a Sample
- Sample Preparation
- Isolating the Sample
- Controlling Dirt and Extraneous Materials
- Handling Samples and Preparation
- Wet Specimens: Distilled and De-ionized Water or Other Fluids
- Making Chambers and Welled Slides
- Staining and Revealing Other Features
- Specimen Platforms
- Mirrors
- Surface Replicas
- Backgrounds
- The Use of Scales to Indicate Size
- Suggested Reading
-
6 Basic Laboratory Photography Methods: Close-up Photography, Photomacrography, and Stereomicroscopy
- Overview
- Close-up Photography
- Lenses for Close-up Photography
- Focusing, Depth of Field, and Diffraction
- Creating Camera-to-Subject Alignment
- Selecting the Best Aperture Possible
- Exposure Compensation and Determination
- Photomacrography
- Bellows and Laboratory Set-ups
- True Macro Lenses and Optical Considerations
- Other Lenses that Can Be Used for Magnifications 2:1 and Higher
- Setting up the System
- Exposure Compensation
- Exposure Factor Equations
- Depth of Field
- Stereo Photomicroscopes
- Suggested Reading
- 7 Advanced Laboratory Photography Methods: Making Things Visible
- 8 A Primer for Lighting Small Laboratory Subjects
-
9 Light Microscopy
- Foundations and Brightfield Methods
- Fundamentals of Magnified Images
- Optical Magnification
- Optical Elements in a Light Microscope
- Numerical Aperture
- Fundamentals of Operating a Light Microscope
- Photographing using a Light Microscope
- Instrument Cameras
- DSLR Cameras
- More Advanced Methods that Produce Contrast
- Setting Up Darkfield
- Differential Interference Contrast
- Fluorescence
- Phase Contrast
- Polarized Light
- Rheinberg Differential Colorization
- Suggested Reading
-
10 Confocal Microscopy
- Introduction
- Why Confocal?
- Types of Confocal Microscopes
- Fluorescence Microscopy and Confocal Methods
- How a Confocal Microscope Works
- Balance and Compromises Required for Forming a Good 2D Image
- Hardware Choices
- Overview of Instrument Controls and Software
- 3D Imaging
- Considerations for Making a Good Z-Stack
- Consideration for Live Cell Imaging
- Advanced Techniques
- Suggested Reading
-
11 Scanning Electron Microscopy
- Introduction
- History
- Modern Machines
- Theory and Design of the Instrument
- The Nature of an Electron in a Vacuum
- Electron Source Design
- Electron Microscopy Optics
- Astigmatization
- The Electron Aperture
- Resolution in an SEM
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio
- Scan Rotation
- Specimen Charging
- Maximizing Resolution
- Sample Preparation
- Critical Point Drying
- Sputter Coating
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
-
12 Ethical Considerations in Scientific Photography: Why Ethics?
- The Need for Protocols
- The Image as Data
- Manipulation and Disclosure
- Manipulation by Specimen Selection
- Manipulation by Hardware Settings
- Manipulation by Imaging Technique
- Manipulation by Software
- Manipulation by Presentation
- Forensic Examination: Uncovering Digital Image Fraud
- Industry Oversight
- Consequences
- Conclusions
- Suggested Reading
-
13 Considerations and Methods for Image Processing in Science
- Introduction
- Terminology: Manipulation, Enhancement, Clarification
- Software
- Basic Color Theory
- Fundamental Digital Color Models
- Channels
- Layers
- Fundamental/Global Image Editing Methods
- Selection and Tools Overview
- Image Editing Tools Overview
- Contrast and Color Balance Corrections
- Converting RGB files to B&W (Grayscale)
- Sharpening
- Noise Reduction Using Photoshop Software
- Noise Reduction Using the Camera Raw Convertor
- Combining Separate Fluorescence Images
- Pseudo-coloring B&W Images
- Creating a Composite Image for Publication
- The Type Tool
- Basic Shapes
- Preparing Files for Publication
- Suggested Reading
- 14 Applications of Computational Photography for Scientist Photographers
-
15 Best Practices
- Introduction
- The Laboratory and Environmental Conditions
- Optimizing the Camera’s Settings
- Cleaning a Lens
- Monitors and Video Displays
- Color Management
- Software, Upgrades, and Optimizing the Computer
- Image Workflow, Folders, and Naming Files
- Archiving, Data Redundancy, and Backing Up
- Planning for Data Loss and Failures
- Digital Housekeeping
- Keeping Things Tuned Up
- Smartphone Photography
- Social Media
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
-
5 The Sample and its Role in Laboratory Photography
- A Cheat Sheet for Best Practices
- Index
Product information
- Title: Laboratory Imaging & Photography
- Author(s):
- Release date: January 2017
- Publisher(s): Routledge
- ISBN: 9781317593003
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