A laboratory-raised Papilio polyxenes or black swallowtail (Hodges #4159) caterpillar shows the partial deployment of the osmeterium just prior to girdling itself onto the branch with the production of its first silk loop. The osmeterium is a defensive organ that emits a foul and disagreeable odor serving to repel predators. Photograph courtesy of Todd J. Dreyer.
Because of space limitations, it has not been possible to include everything about photography and how things operate. The next few chapters will share methods useful for ...
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