Learning Java, 4th Edition

Filling Shapes

Iguana fills its shapes with a number of colors, using the setPaint() method of Graphics2D. This method sets the current color in the graphics context, so we set it to a different color before each drawing operation. setPaint() accepts any object that implements the Paint interface. The 2D API includes three implementations of this interface, representing solid colors, color gradients, and textures.

Solid Colors

The java.awt.Color class represents color in Java. A Color object describes a single color and implements the Paint interface for filling an area with it. You can create an arbitrary Color by specifying the red, green, and blue values, either as integers between 0 and 255 or as floating-point values between 0.0 and 1.0. The (somewhat strange) getColor() method can be used to look up a named color in the system properties table, as described in Chapter 11.

The Color class also defines a number of static final color values; we used these in the Iguana example. These constants, such as Color.black and Color.red, provide a convenient set of basic color objects for your drawings.

Tip

Excessive creation of redundant color instances is a common cause of memory bloat in Java clients. Consider using a factory pattern to ensure you don’t have 200 instances of periwinkle.

Color Gradients

A color gradient is a smooth blend between two or more colors. The GradientPaint class encapsulates this idea in a handy implementation of the Paint interface. All you need to do is specify two points and the color at each point. GradientPaint takes care of the details so that the color fades smoothly from one point to the other. In the previous example, the ellipse is filled with a gradient this way:

    g2.setPaint(new GradientPaint(40, 40, Color.blue,
        60, 50, Color.white, true));

The last parameter in GradientPaint’s constructor determines whether the gradient is cyclic. In a cyclic gradient, the colors keep fluctuating beyond the two points that you’ve specified. Otherwise, the gradient just draws a single blend from one point to the other. Beyond each endpoint, the color is solid.

Java 6 added multistop gradient capabilities to LinearGradientPaint and RadialGradientPaint. A multistop gradient can, for example, smoothly fade from green to blue to red.

Textures

A texture is simply an image repeated over and over like a floor tile. This concept is represented in the 2D API with the TexturePaint class. To create a texture, just specify the image to be used and the rectangle that will be used to reproduce it. To do this, you also need to know how to create and use images, which we’ll get to a little later.

Desktop Colors

The Color class makes it easy to construct a particular color; however, that’s not always what you want to do. Sometimes you want to match a preexisting color scheme. This is particularly important when you are designing a user interface; you might want your components to have the same colors as other components on that platform and to change automatically if the user redefines his or her color scheme.

That’s where the SystemColor class comes in. A system color represents the color used by the local windowing system in a certain context. The SystemColor class holds lots of predefined system colors, just like the Color class holds some predefined basic colors. For example, the field activeCaption represents the color used for the background of the titlebar of an active window; activeCaptionText represents the color used for the title itself. menu represents the background color of menu selections; menuText represents the color of a menu item’s text when it is not selected; textHighlightText is the color used when the menu item is selected; and so on. You could use the window value to set the color of a Window to match the other windows on the user’s screen—whether or not they’re generated by Java programs.

    myWindow.setBackground( SystemColor.window );

Because the SystemColor class is a subclass of Color, you can use it wherever you would use a Color. However, the SystemColor constants are tricky. They are constant, immutable objects as far as you, the programmer, are concerned (your code is not allowed to modify them), but they can be modified at runtime by the system. If the user changes his color scheme, the system colors are automatically updated to follow suit; as a result, anything displayed with system colors will automatically change color the next time it is redrawn. For example, the window myWindow would automatically change its background color to the new background color.

The SystemColor class has one noticeable shortcoming. You can’t compare a system color to a Color directly; the Color.equals() method doesn’t return reliable results. For example, if you want to find out whether the window background color is red, you can’t call:

    Color.red.equals(SystemColor.window);

Instead, you should use getRGB() to find the color components of both objects and compare them, rather than comparing the objects themselves.