2. Fundamentals of Operational Amplifiers - Linear Integrated Circuits [Book]

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2

Fundamentals of Operational Amplifiers

Objectives

To understand the concepts and working principles of the following:

BJT differential amplifier.
Inner circuit details and block diagram of operational amplifier.
Operational amplifier working as a differential amplifier.
Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) concept and various methods of improvement.
Practical details and characteristics of operational amplifiers and their significance.
Frequency response characteristics of operational amplifiers.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Vacuum tube operational amplifier was first used as ‘summing amplifier’ at AT&T Bell Labs at New Jersey, USA by the engineer Karl D Swartzel Jr. in 1941. It was used in artillery director along with Radar in world war-II. ...

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