13 Tic Tac Toe
n the last chapter, you saw how computer games like Pac-Man have been used in ML development. Tic Tac Toe (also known as Noughts and Crosses, or Xs and Os) has been used to help people learn about ML for even longer.
For example, Donald Michie, a British AI researcher, designed MENACE, the Machine Educable Noughts and Crosses Engine, in 1960 (see Figure 13-1). It was one of the first programs that was able to learn how to play Tic Tac Toe perfectly. MENACE was demonstrated using matchboxes and colored glass beads, and it is ...
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