What Is a Crisis?

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A CRISIS IS A CHANGE—sudden or evolving—that results in an urgent problem that must be addressed immediately. A crisis can occur in many forms:

  • Life-threatening product defects are discovered.
  • Computer hackers shut down a company’s entire system and deny access to customers.
  • A hard freeze destroys a region’s citrus crops.
  • A terrorist attack destroys lives and property.
  • A key manager dies with no immediate replacement.

Crises are not the normal ups and downs of a business cycle—those recurring problems faced in the course of taking risks and exploring new avenues of opportunities. Instead, crises are wrenching, painful events. ...

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