14.2. TRENDS IN RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND INNOVATION IN THE COMMERCIAL REALM
Industry is the main arena in which science and technology are commercialized, and industry now dominates both total R&D funding and performance. This is true not only in the United States, but also in the European Union, and in the United Kingdom, and in Japan, Korea, and China (AAAS, 2007).
In the United States, industry employs the majority of all individuals whose highest degree is in science and engineering S&E (NSB, 2008). In 2003, nearly 60 percent were employed by industry, including 33 percent of S&E doctoral degree holders, and 44 percent of graduates of four-year colleges and universities. The distribution of scientists and engineers varies among different ...
Get Managing Research, Development, and Innovation: Managing the Unmanageable, Third Edition now with the O’Reilly learning platform.
O’Reilly members experience books, live events, courses curated by job role, and more from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers.
