Forming processes are used to shape a material into useful products. The material is permanently deformed during such processes.
Forming processes are performed in cold or hot state.
Cold working processes are performed below the recrystallization temperature of a metal, preferably at room temperature.
Hot working processes are performed above the recrystallization temperature of a metal.
The recrystallization temperature of a metal is approximately one-half of its melting temperature on absolute scale.
During hot working, grain structure of a metal is refined and lower energy and less deformation forces are required.
During cold working, grains are distorted and greater deformation forces and higher energy are ...
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