book

Materials for Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort in Buildings

by M Hall

April 2010

Intermediate to advanced

760 pages

22h 53m

English

Woodhead Publishing

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Abstract:1.1 Introduction1.2 Heat transfer: the transport of energy1.3 Mass transfer: the transport of matter1.4 Summary1.7 Appendix: Nomenclature

Abstract:2.1 Introduction2.2 Hygrothermal loads2.3 Modelling simultaneous heat and moisture transfer processes2.4 Input data for hygrothermal calculations2.5 Hygrothermal calculation results2.6 Model validation and practical applications2.7 Limitations of current hygrothermal models2.8 Conclusions and future trends
Abstract:3.1 Introduction3.2 Ventilation systems3.3 Physical mechanisms3.4 Feasibility of natural ventilation3.5 Natural ventilation design3.6 Issues concerning materials3.7 Future trends
Abstract:4.1 Introduction4.2 Psychrometrics4.3 Fundamentals of thermal energy storage4.4 Materials for thermal energy storage4.5 Thermal storage applications for building heating and cooling4.8 Appendix: Nomenclature
Abstract:5.1 Introduction5.2 Thermal comfort5.3 Measurement of thermal comfort5.4 The thermal index: an assessment technique5.5 Thermal comfort indices5.6 International Standards and thermal comfort5.7 Behavioural thermoregulation, thermal comfort and the adaptive model5.8 Equivalent clothing index (IEQUIV)5.9 Equivalent clothing index, the comfort temperature range and temperature limits in offices5.10 Sustainable thermal comfort
Abstract:6.1 Introduction6.2 Safety issues in occupied spaces6.3 Combustion, fire and combustible materials6.4 Infiltration of outdoor pollutants6.5 Indoor emissions and outgassing6.6 Occupant activity6.7 Transformations within the interior6.8 Particles in buildings that impact on environmental health and safety6.9 Materials and toxicity6.10 Advanced material requirements6.11 Future trends
Abstract:7.1 Materials sustainability7.2 A life cycle approach to selecting building materials7.3 A brief history of life cycle assessment (LCA)7.4 Environmental labelling7.5 Life cycle assessment (LCA) of building materials7.6 Life cycle assessment (LCA) standardisation7.7 UK context7.8 Other issues
Abstract:8.1 Introduction8.2 Regulatory requirements8.3 Building-related properties8.4 Ecological and health aspects8.5 Individual product profiles8.6 Summary
Abstract:9.1 Introduction9.2 Regulatory requirements9.3 Building-related properties9.4 Ecological and health aspects9.5 Individual product profiles9.6 Reference buildings9.7 Summary
Abstract:10.1 Introduction10.2 Foams classification, materials and foaming mechanism10.3 Processing technologies10.4 Thermoplastic and thermosetting foams10.5 Future trends10.8 Appendix: Abbreviations
Abstract:11.1 Introduction11.2 Insulation materials11.3 Form pieces and form parts11.4 Support and spacer ring constructions11.5 Vapour retarder materials11.6 Claddings11.7 Insulation system11.8 Heat loss of the operational installation in technical building equipment
Abstract:12.1 Background and definitions12.2 Applications and assemblies12.3 Basis for thermal performance12.4 Measurement of thermal performance12.5 Codes and standards
Abstract:13.1 Introduction13.2 Processing material and properties13.3 Aerogel formation13.4 Physical properties of aerogels13.5 Applications of aerogels13.6 Future trends13.7 Conclusions
Abstract:14.1 Introduction14.2 Characterization of hygrothermal functional properties14.3 Material classes14.4 Applications in buildings and occupied spaces14.5 Future trends14.6 Sources of further information and advice14.7 Acknowledgements14.9 Appendix: Nomenclature
Abstract:15.1 Introduction15.2 Desiccant cycle15.3 Desiccant applications15.4 Health and comfort15.5 Air quality15.6 Natural and commercial desiccants: typical materials15.7 Practical applications of commercial desiccants15.8 Practical applications of natural desiccants for modifying building humidity15.10 Appendix: Energy efficiency ratio (EER) and coefficient of performance (COP)
Abstract:16.1 Introduction16.2 Background16.3 Selection of phase change materials (pcm) and fabrication of pcm-gypsum wallboards (pcmgw)16.4 Full-scale testing facilities16.5 Benefits of applying thermal energy storage16.6 Computer simulation16.7 Conclusions
Abstract:17.1 Introduction17.2 Assessing the capacities of evaporative cooling systems and the associated requirements in materials17.3 Comparative analyses of potential materials for evaporative cooling17.4 Potential applications of porous materials in buildings17.5 Conclusions17.7 Appendix: Nomenclature
Abstract:18.1 Materials led building design18.2 Offsite construction18.3 Standardisation in construction18.4 Types of offsite construction18.5 Comfort factors in lightweight buildings18.6 Design led materials for addressing lightweight performance issues18.7 Delivering sustainable comfort: a question of balance18.8 Thin solutions (insulation and mass)18.9 Thermal mass in offsite potential18.10 Phase change materials (PCMs)18.11 Advancements in phase change materials for buildings18.12 New membrane developments18.13 Composite design
Abstract:19.1 A question of design19.2 Roof construction19.3 Thermal performance of roofing materials19.4 Vegetated roofing systems19.5 Solar integrated roofing systems19.6 Natural ventilation19.7 Rainwater harvesting19.8 The role of roofs in building rating systems19.9 Conclusions
Abstract:20.1 Advanced façades20.2 Façade component options20.3 Performance models and model parameter measurement20.4 Integrated performance rating20.5 Application in practice20.6 Benchmarking façade performance
Abstract:21.1 Introduction21.2 Issues in eco-building design21.3 Challenges of sustainable development for a designer21.4 The eco-building design process21.5 Heelis: brief case history21.6 Future trends
Abstract:22.1 Introduction22.2 EU domestic housing stock22.3 UK domestic housing22.4 Building fabric heat loss and CO2 emissions22.5 Architectural vernacular22.6 Intervention strategies22.7 Internal wall insulation22.8 External wall insulation22.9 Carbon payback time22.10 Summary
Abstract:23.1 Introduction23.2 Energy efficiency and thermal comfort in offices23.3 Energy efficiency and thermal comfort in retail spaces23.4 Energy efficiency and thermal comfort in factories and warehouses23.5 Embodied energy23.6 Material choice23.7 Modelling and monitoring thermal performance and comfort23.8 Future trends in design and refurbishment
Abstract:24.1 Introduction24.2 User considerations24.3 External considerations24.4 Internal considerations24.5 Process areas24.6 People areas24.7 Environmental design and computer modelling24.8 Environmental and energy considerations24.9 Building research establishment environmental assessment method (BREEAM®)24.10 Future trends
Abstract:25.1 Introduction25.2 Challenges facing the new build construction sector25.3 The role, shape and trend of legislation25.4 Thermal mass25.5 Phase change materials (PCMs)25.6 Vegetation and reflective materials25.7 Future trends
Abstract:26.1 Introduction26.2 Change of use in buildings26.3 Approaches to low carbon retrofit systems/technologies26.4 Post-occupancy evaluation (POE)26.5 Sources of further information26.6 Acknowledgements
Abstract:27.1 Thermal comfort in different climates27.2 Climate impact on urban pattern and building form and fabric27.3 Climate impact on building fabric27.4 Approaches and lessons learned from traditional hot-climate architecture27.5 Applications of design and passive technologies in modern buildings27.6 Thermal performance of passive solar systems27.7 Conclusions

Content preview from Materials for Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort in Buildings

Reflective materials and radiant barriers for insulation in buildings

D.W. Yarbrough, R&D Services Inc. USA

Abstract:

Reflective insulations and radiant barriers are products used to reduce radiative transport across air spaces. The physical basis for these products, methods of testing, and the standards for reflective-type products are discussed in this chapter. Selected references to the existing literature are included.

Key words

reflective insulation

radiant barriers

heat flux

convection

radiation

reflective air space

emittance

12.1 Background and definitions

Thermal insulations used in buildings use the low thermal conductivity of gases to reduce heat flow. Mineral fiber, cellulosic, and open-cell plastic insulations use air ...