book

Microcontroller Programming

Name: Microcontroller Programming
Author: Syed R. Rizvi
ISBN: 9781000755299

by Syed R. Rizvi

April 2016

Intermediate to advanced

546 pages

12h 41m

English

CRC Press

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
The Author
1. Number Systems, Operations, and Codes
1.1 Introduction1.2 Digital versus Analog Quantities1.3 Digital Numbering System (Base 10)1.4 Binary Numbering System (Base 2)1.5 Octal Numbering System (Base 8)1.6 Hexadecimal Numbering System (Base 16)1.7 Binary-Coded-Decimal System1.8 Binary Conversions1.9 Binary Operations1.9.1 Binary Addition1.9.2 Binary Subtraction1.9.3 Binary Multiplication1.9.4 Binary Division1.10 Octal Conversions1.11 Hexadecimal Conversions1.12 Hexadecimal Operations1.12.1 Hexadecimal Addition1.12.2 Hexadecimal Subtraction1.13 1’s and 2’s Complements of Binary Numbers1.13.1 Finding the 1’s Complement1.13.2 Finding the 2’s Complement1.14 Signed Numbers1.14.1 The Sign Bit1.14.2 Sign-Magnitude Form1.14.3 1’s Complement Form1.14.4 2’s Complement Form1.15 The ASCII Code1.16 SummaryGlossaryAnswers to Section Review QuizTrue/False QuizQuestionsProblems

2. Semiconductors and Digital Logic
2.1 Introduction2.2 Diode Logic2.3 The Inverter2.3.1 Inverter Truth Table2.3.2 Inverter Symbol2.3.3 Operation of an Inverter2.3.4 Timing Diagrams2.3.5 Logic Expressions for an Inverter2.4 The AND Gate2.4.1 AND Gate Symbol2.4.2 Operation of an AND Gate2.4.3 AND Gate Truth Table2.4.4 Timing Diagrams2.4.5 Logic Expressions for an AND Gate2.5 The OR Gate2.5.1 OR Gate Symbol2.5.2 Operation of an OR Gate2.5.3 OR Gate Truth Table2.5.4 Timing Diagram2.5.5 Logic Expressions for an OR Gate2.6 The NAND Gate2.6.1 NAND Gate Symbol2.6.2 Operation of a NAND Gate2.6.3 Timing Diagram2.6.4 Negative-OR Equivalent Operation of a NAND Gate2.6.5 Logic Expressions for a NAND Gate2.7 The NOR Gate2.7.1 NOR Gate Symbol2.7.2 Operation of a NOR Gate2.7.3 Timing Diagram2.7.4 Negative-AND Equivalent Operation of the NOR Gate2.7.5 Logic Expressions for a NOR Gate2.8 The Exclusive-OR Gate2.8.1 XOR Gate Symbol2.8.2 Operation of XOR Gate2.8.3 XOR Gate Truth Table2.8.4 Timing Diagram2.8.5 Parity2.8.5.1 Odd-Parity Generator2.9 The Exclusive-NOR Gate2.9.1 XNOR Gate Symbol2.9.2 Operation of XNOR Gate2.9.3 XNOR Gate Truth Table2.9.4 Timing Diagram2.10 SummaryGlossaryAnswers to Section Review QuizTrue/False QuizQuestionsProblems
3. Microcontroller Hardware
3.1 Introduction3.2 A Transistor as a Switch3.3 The TTL Integrated Circuit3.4 The CMOS Integrated Circuit3.5 Using Integrated-Circuit Logic Gates3.6 Seven-Segment Displays3.7 Liquid-Crystal Displays3.8 Keypads3.9 The 68HC11/68HC12 Microcontroller3.9.1 HC11 Processor3.9.2 HC11 Memory3.9.2.1 RAM3.9.2.2 ROM3.9.2.3 EEPROM3.9.2.4 System Registers3.9.3 HC11 Advanced On-Chip Input/Output (I/O) Capabilities3.10 EVBU/BUFFALO3.11 SummaryGlossaryAnswers to Section Review QuizTrue/False QuizQuestionsProblems
4. Microcontroller Software
4.1 Introduction4.2 Programming Concepts4.3 System Software4.4 Developing a Program4.4.1 Problem Analysis4.4.2 Design Development4.4.3 Coding4.4.4 Program Testing4.5 Flow and State Diagrams4.5.1 Flowchart Symbols4.5.2 Flowcharting Techniques4.5.3 State Diagrams4.6 HC11 Programming Model4.6.1 The Condition Code Register (Flags)4.6.1.1 Zero Flag (Z)4.6.1.2 Negative Flag (N)4.6.1.3 Carry Flag (C)4.6.1.4 Overflow Flag (V)4.6.1.5 Interrupt Mask Flag (I)4.6.1.6 Nonmaskable Interrupt Flag (X)4.6.1.7 Half-Carry Flag (H)4.6.1.8 Stop Disable Flag (S)4.7 HC11 Memory-Addressing Modes4.7.1 Extended Addressing4.7.2 Direct Addressing4.7.3 Immediate Addressing4.7.4 Inherent Addressing4.7.5 Indexed Addressing4.7.6 Relative Addressing4.8 SummaryGlossaryAnswers to Section Review QuizTrue/False QuizQuestionsProblems
5. Instructions
5.1 Introduction5.2 Data Movement5.2.1 Load Instructions5.2.2 Store Instructions5.2.3 Clear Instructions5.2.4 Transfer Instructions5.2.5 Exchange Instructions5.3 Arithmetic5.3.1 Addition5.3.2 Increment Instructions5.3.3 Subtraction5.3.4 Negate and Decrement Instructions5.4 Logic5.5 Shifting and Rotating5.6 Multiplication and Division5.7 CCR (Flag) Manipulation5.8 Bit-Level Operations5.9 SummaryGlossaryAnswers to Section Review QuizTrue/False QuizQuestionsProblems
6. Control Structures and Subroutines
6.1 Introduction6.2 Indexed Addressing Mode6.3 Jumping and Branching6.3.1 Jumping6.3.2 Branching6.3.2.1 Relative Addressing versus Absolute Addressing6.3.2.2 Conditional and Unconditional Branching6.4 Compare Instructions6.5 Conditional Flow and Program Loops6.6 Stack Operation6.7 Subroutines6.8 BUFFALO Subroutine6.9 SummaryGlossaryAnswers to Section Review QuizTrue/False QuizQuestionsProblems
7. Hello World!
7.1 Introduction7.2 Creating Source Code Files7.2.1 Writing the “Hello World!” Program7.3 Assembling Programs7.4 Ten Useful Programs7.5 SummaryGlossaryAnswers to Section Review QuizTrue/False QuizQuestionsProblems
8. Input/Output (I/O) Ports
8.1 Introduction8.2 Data Transfer Mode8.3 Port A8.4 Port B8.5 Port C8.6 Port D and Port E8.7 I/O Using Handshaking8.7.1 Simple Handshaking8.7.2 Full-Input Handshaking8.7.3 Full-Output Handshaking8.8 A Project Using Port B8.8.1 Objective8.8.2 Requirements Analysis8.8.3 Design Development8.9 SummaryGlossaryAnswers to Section Review QuizTrue/False QuizQuestionsProblems
9. Interrupts
9.1 Introduction9.2 Basics of an Interrupt9.3 Servicing an Interrupt9.4 Interrupt Control9.4.1 Interrupt Related Instructions9.4.2 Local and Global Control9.5 Maskable Interrupts9.5.1 Serial Communication System Interrupt Sources9.5.2 Timer System Interrupt Sources9.5.3 External Interrupts Using IRQ9.5.4 Maskable Interrupt Priority9.6 Output Compare9.6.1 Internal Timing Devices9.6.2 Output Compare Interrupts9.6.2.1 Output-Compare Registers9.6.2.2 Dedicated Comparators9.7 Nonmaskable Interrupts9.7.1 External Interrupts Using XIRQ9.7.2 Other Nonmaskable Interrupts9.8 Interrupts on the EVBU9.9 A Project with Interrupts9.9.1 Objective9.9.2 Requirements Analysis9.9.3 Design9.9.4 Description of OC3 ISR9.10 SummaryGlossaryAnswers to Section Review QuizTrue/False QuizQuestionsProblems
10. Analog Capture
10.1 Introduction10.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion10.2.1 Range10.2.2 Steps10.2.3 Step Voltage and Digital Code10.2.4 Resolution10.3 A/D Tools10.3.1 Port E10.3.2 ADC10.3.3 Conversion Control10.3.4 Result Registers10.4 A/D Operation10.5 A Project with Analog Capture10.5.1 Requirements Analysis10.5.2 Hardware Design10.5.3 Software Design10.6 SummaryGlossaryAnswers to Section Review QuizTrue/False QuizQuestionsProblems
11. Input Capture
11.1 Introduction11.2 Basic Modules of Input Capture11.3 Input-Capture Registers11.4 Input Edge Detection Logic11.5 Interrupt Generation Logic11.6 A Project with Input Capture11.7 SummaryGlossaryAnswers to Section Review QuizTrue/False QuizQuestionsProblems
12. Higher-Level Programming
12.1 Introduction12.2 Levels in Programming Languages12.3 C Programming12.3.1 Getting Started with C12.3.2 Data Types12.3.3 Operators12.3.4 Conditional Flow and Program Loops12.3.5 Subroutines12.3.6 Pointers and Arrays12.4 Examples12.5 A Project with C12.6 SummaryGlossaryAnswers to Section Review QuizTrue/False QuizQuestionsProblems
Appendix 1—Supplemental Web Site
Appendix 2—States and Resolution for Binary Numbers
Appendix 3—Basic Boolean Theorems and Identities
Appendix 4—The Resistor Color Code
Appendix 5—Waterfall Software Development Lifecycle Model
Appendix 6—Loading Your Program into the EEPROM
Appendix 7—Pulse-Width Modulation
Appendix 8—HC11 Instruction Set
Appendix 9—Comprehensive Glossary

Content preview from Microcontroller Programming

2 Semiconductors and Digital Logic

Thinking is the hardest work there is, which is probably the reason why so few engage in it.

—Henry Ford (Industrialist)

OUTLINE

2.8 The Exclusive-OR Gate

2.9 The Exclusive-NOR Gate

2.10 Summary

OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to

1. Understand the basic concept of the seven basic gates (NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, EX-OR, and EX-NOR).

2. Describe the operation and use of all the seven gates.

3. Recognize and use the distinctive shape logic gate symbols.

4. Construct truth tables for two-, three-, and four-input gates.

5. Construct ...

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Microcontroller Programming

by Syed R. Rizvi

2

Semiconductors and Digital Logic

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