Index
3D see Three dimensional (3D) systems
Abstract information processors:
Turing machine, 163–4
Von Neumann universal automaton, 164–5
Additive property of information, 155
Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP), as a biofuel, 21
Analog signals, 93–5
analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), 93–4
digital signals from the analog, 94
Nyquist-Shannon-Kolmogorov theorem, 94–5
sampling principles, 95
see also Sensors
Antennas, 127–31
about EM radiation, 127–8
short antennas, 128–30
length considerations, 127
maximum power, 129
radiation efficiency, 130–1
radiation resistance, 129
Archea, 8
Atomic density, 17
Atomic fuel, 16
Avogadro’s Law/number, 16
Bacteria, 7–8
Beer-Lambert law, 137
Bethe transmission efficiency, 144–5
Binary elements, distinguishable states, 5, 55–8
classical errors, 56
energy barriers, 56
Heisenberg distinguishable length, 57–9
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, 56
Planck’s constant, 56
with presence/absence of particles, 55
preservation by energy barriers, 55–6
quantum errors, 56
sharpest obtainable bound, 56
spontaneous tunneling, 56–7
tunneling condition, 57–8
uncertainty in momentum concept, 57
Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB)
approximation, 58
Binary switches, basics, 52–4
about nanomorphic implementation, 84–5
communicativity, 54
controllability, 54
distinguishability, 53–4
energy implications for nanomorphic cells, 80–1
fan-out costs, 78–9
energy per tile, 79–80
main concept, 52
scaling limits summary, 64–5
switching energy, 54
see also Charge based memory element
Binary switches, connected:
juxtaposed switches, 75–6
interconnect systems, tiled planar layout, 75–6
stacked configuration, 75–6
via wires, extended well model, 76–8
communication error probability, 77
probability of success, 77–8
Binary switches, electron-charge-based, 64–9
barrier heights, 68
barrier model, 65
basic principles, 64–5
binary transitions process, 67–9
energy diagram, 66–8
energy dissipation by charging a capacitor, 66
intrinsic carrier concentration, 65
minimum switching energy, 69
Poisson equation, 64–5
Binary switches, energy barrier framework, 58–64
barrier height limits, 58–9
Boltzmann’s limit, 59
classic and quantum errors, combined effect, 60–1
field effect transistor, 63–4
Heisenberg’s length, 59
Heisenberg’s time, 59–60
implementation, 62
in material systems, 63
one-electron conductance channel example, 61–2
quantum resistance/conductance, 61–4
Landauer formula, 62
size limit, 59
speed limit, 59–60
tunneling issues, 61
Binary switches, reliability issues, 74–5
Binary switches, tiling considerations, 71–4
3D tiling: logic, 72–3
3D tiling: memory, 73–4
191
Binary switches, tiling considerations (Continued )
minimum switching time, 72
theoretical packing density, 71–2
Biochemical sensors see Chemical and biochemical sensors
Biocompatibility with caseless microbatteries, 22–3
Bioelectricity sensors, 102–5
Cell-FETs, 103–5
charge carriers in living cells, 102
electrical elements of living cells, 102
ion-sensitive FETs (ISFETs), 102
sensing extracellular activity, 102–3
Biofilms, 117
Biofuel cells, miniature, 21–2
biocompatibility with caseless microbatteries, 22–3
biofuels available in living systems, 22
Biological macromolecule detection, 109
Bioluminescence, 176
Biomedical application of wireless communications, 139–40
capsule endoscopy image transmitter systems, 140
Medical Device Radiocommunication Service band
(MedRadio), 140
Biophoton emission, 176
Boltzmann probability, 70
Boltzmann’s entropy formula, 158
Boltzmann’s limit, 59
Calorimeters see Thermal biosensors
Capacitor charging, energy dissipation by, 66–7
Capsule endoscopy image transmitter systems, 140
Carbon nanotube (CNT) biosensors, 108–9
Cardiac pacemakers, 9–10
Carnot efficiency limit, 30
Cell-FETs, 103
schematic configuration, 103
signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio issues/value, 103–5
Cells see Living cells; Nanomorphic cells
Cellular electricity, 101
Charge based memory element, 69–71
basic form, 69
Boltzmann probability for a thermal overbarrier
transition, 70
charge injection requirement, 69
charge retention requirement, 69
electron escape time from tunneling, 71
electron tunneling charge loss, 70
generic abstraction, 70
over-barrier leakage, 70
retention time, 71
storage node, 69
Chemical and biochemical sensors, 105–9
biological macromolecule detection, 109
carbon nanotube (CNT) biosensors, 108–9
nanowire (NW) channel FET, 107–8
one-dimensional (1D) FET, 107
planar ISFET sensors, 105–6
detection limit, 106
functionalizing with biorecognition molecules, 105
molar concentration, 106
with selective detection, 105–6
Si-NW FETs, 108
Chemical signals from living cells, 100
Chip-based calorimeters for nanothermal measurements, 116
Chloroplasts, 8
Communication:
about communication for nanomorphic cells, 123–4,
147–8
see also Antennas; Biomedical application of wireless
communications; Electromagnetic (EM) basics;
Electromagnetic (EM) communication; Optical
wavelength communication
Computers making computers concept, 165
Contact potential difference (CPD), 113
Cyanobacteria, 8
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 6
for information storage, 168, 169–71
E. coli:
energy for, 176–7
essential parameters, 168
reproduction time, 177–8
Electricity and the cell, 100–1
about the electrical elements of cells, 101
cellular electricity, 101
electrocorticogram, 101
electroencephalogram, 101
extracellular signals, 101
ion pumps, 101
local field potentials, 101
signals from living cells, 100–1
Electrochemical energy density metrics, 18, 22
Electrogenic cells, 100–2
Electromagnetic (EM) basics, 124–6
basic principles, 127–8
EM spectrum, 126
photons, 126
Planck-Einstein equation, 126
Planck’s constant, 126
traveling waves, 125
see also Antennas
Electromagnetic (EM) communication, 131–9
free-space single-photon energy limit, 131–4
10
m
m nanomorphic cells, 132
antenna size issues, 132–3
192 Index
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