In carbo systems, processor benchmarks (Continued )
E. coli cells, 177–8
energy utilization, 178
in silico comparison, 178
In carbo systems, sensors, 172–3
death receptors, 173
membrane/transmembrane receptors, 172
signal transduction, 172
In silico integration see Nanomorphic cells, in silico
integration
Information content of a living cell, 162–3
E. coli example, 162–3
Information content of material systems, 162
Information, general case, 160–1
English alphabet example, 161
non-equal probabilities and likelihood, 160–1
Shannon’s entropy equation, 160–1
with weighted mean formulae, 160
Information, optimum base for computation, 158–60
information efficiency function, 158–60
living cell as a Turing machine, 165
Turing machine, 163–4
Von Neumann universal automaton, 164–5
Information theory, intuitive introduction, 155–6
additive property of information, 155
information function, 155–6
Information, units/quantitative treatment, 156–8
bit (binary digit) unit of information, 156
English alphabet example, 156–7
information content of proteins example, 157–8
logarithmic treatment, 156–7
thermodynamic unit system, 158
Boltzmann’s entropy formula, 158
Information/information processing, 53–5
about information, 53
binary switches, 52–4
information carriers, 55
Intel processors, throughput and computational
capability, 54
maximum binary throughput (BIT), 54
switching energy, 54
Intel processors:
computational capability, 54
transistor counts1971-2009, 3
International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors
(ITRS), 2–3, 187
Ion-sensitive FETs (ISFETs), 102, 105
Kinetic energy for harvesting, 37–8
exposure action value (EAV), 37
exposure limit value (ELV), 37
exposure limits, 38
power density of ambient vibration, 38
typical vibration sources, 37
Lab-in-a-pill: Wireless capsule endoscopy systems, 10
Landauer formula, 62
Laser energy, 37–8
Li batteries, rechargeable thin film, 19–21
about the batteries, 19–20
advantages, 20
caseless microbatteries, 21
encapsulation issues, 21
number of switching events, 20–1
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 140–7
about LEDs, 140–4
efficiency issues, 146
energy requirements, 145–6
generic structure, 144
implementations, 143
m
-scaled LEDs, 146–7
Living cells, 4–8
chemical signals from, 100
electrical signals from, 100–1
eukaryotes, 6–7
light signals from, 101–2
macromolecular elements, 6
mass/size/energy examples, 8–9
minimum energy, 8
prokaryotes, 6–7
reproduction, 5
ribosomes, 7
spontaneous degradation, 9
staying alive, 4–5
thermal energy from, 102
as a Turing machine, 165
computers making computers concept, 165
see also In carbo systems.
Macrophage monitoring experiment, 109
Medical Device Radiocommunication Service band
(MedRadio), 140
Memory units of DNA molecules, 7
Memristor type devices, 84
MEMS radioisotope micropower generator, 33
Microelectronic system, schematic representation, 2–4
Miniature supercapacitors see Supercapacitors, miniature
Mitochondria, 6, 8
Molar concentrations, 106
Molar mass, 16
Moore’s Law, 2
Motes, 11
Multicellular organisms, 8
Myxobacteria, 176
194 Index
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