Sampling analog signals, 95
Scaling, electronic, 2–4
Seebeck coefficient, 112–14
Sensors:
about sensors, 91–3, 117–18
barrier current derivations, 97–9
electrons crossing barriers, 96–8
error probability, 96
noise, 96
Nyquist-Johnson relations for thermal noise, 99
sensitivity limits, 96–9
signal-to-noise ratio, 99
thermal noise derived from basic FET equation, 96–9
thermal noise expressed as noise power, 99
see also Analog signals; Bioelectricity sensors; Chemical
and biochemical sensors; Thermal biosensors
Shannon’s entropy equation, 160–1
Si-NW FETs, 108
Signal-to-noise ratio, 99
Smart dust, 11
Solar energy, 34–5
Spontaneous degradation, 9
Spontaneous tunneling, 56–7
Supercapacitors, miniature, 23–8
about supercapacitors, 23
activated carbon with, 24–5
capacity estimation, 23
characteristic parameters, 27
conductive polymers for, 27
electrode reaction time, 26
energy storage mechanisms, 23
energy stored, 25
faradaic capacitance (pseudocapacitance), 24
gravimetric specific capacitance, 25
NaCl-contained polymers for, 27
porous electrode materials, use of, 24
power delivery by discharge, 26
schematic diagram, 24
status and research needs, 27
voltage, 26
Terahertz radiation (T-rays), 136–9
challenges and opportunities, 137
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) issues, 136–8
Thermal biosensors, 109–17
basic principles, 109–11
chip-based calorimeters for nanothermal measurements,
116
FET-type sensors, 111–12
heat generated by, 110
parameters for scaling analysis, 115
scaling considerations, 110–11
state of the art remarks, 116–17
thermoelectric sensors/transducers (thermocouples),
112–16
Seebeck coefficient, 112–14
signal-to-noise ratio, 115–16
thermodynamic limit for signal detection, 115
volumetric heat capacity for different substances, 110
Thermal energy/thermo electric generators, 38–42
about power limitation, 39–40
heat removal rate from system, 39–40
assumptions for limit of heat removal, 40
cooling rate estimation, 40–1
energy transfer between colliding balls, 40–1
maximum rate, forced air cooling, 42
maximum electric power delivery, 41
Thermal noise expressed as noise power, 99
Thermoelectricity, 113–14
contact potential difference (CPD), 113
Seebeck coefficient of a thermocouple, 114
Three dimensional (3D) systems, 81–3
connections/routing, 180
need for tools, 189
tiling issues, 72–4
Tiling see Binary switches, tiling considerations
Traveling waves, 125
Tunneling, spontaneous, 56–7
Turing machine, 163–4
living cell as, 165
Universal Turing machine, 163–4
Unicellular organisms, 8
Vibration, see also Kinetic energy for harvesting
Volumetric heat capacity for different substances, 110
Von Neumann universal automaton, 164–5
self-reproducing universal automaton concept, 165
Universal Constructor, 165
Von Neumann threshold, 164
Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation, 58
Wireless capsule endoscopy systems, 10
Wireless communication for biomedical applications,
139–40
Wireless integrated microsystems (WIMS), 11
196 Index
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