book

Modern Cryptography: Applied Mathematics for Encryption and Information Security

by Chuck Easttom

October 2015

Intermediate to advanced

608 pages

12h 40m

English

McGraw-Hill

Read now

Unlock full access

Why Study Cryptography?What Is Cryptography?Substitution CiphersThe Caesar CipherAtbash CipherAffine CiphersHomophonic SubstitutionPolybius CipherNull CipherMulti-Alphabet SubstitutionDevicesBook CiphersTransposition CiphersReverse OrderRail Fence CipherGeometric Shape CipherColumnar CipherCombinationsConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
Cryptography Marches OnPlayfair CipherTwo-Square CipherFour-Square CipherHill CipherADFGX and ADFGVX CiphersBifid CipherGronsfeld CipherVernam CipherCryptography Comes of AgeEnigmaSIGABALorenz CipherIFF SystemsThe NSA: The Early YearsConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
The Information AgeClaude ShannonTheorem 1: Shannon’s Source Coding TheoremTheorem 2: Noisy Channel TheoremCore Concepts of CryptographyInformation EntropyQuantifying InformationConfusion and DiffusionAvalancheHamming DistanceHamming WeightKerckhoffs’s Principle/Shannon’s MaximScientific and Mathematical TheoriesWhat Is a Mathematical Theory?The Scientific ProcessA Scientific TheoryBinary MathConvertingBinary OperationsConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
Number SystemsNatural NumbersNegative NumbersRational and Irrational NumbersReal NumbersImaginary NumbersPrime NumbersFinding Prime NumbersRelatively Prime, or Co-prime, NumbersImportant OperationsDivisibility TheoremsSummationLogarithmsModulus OperationsFamous Number Theorists and Their ContributionsFibonacciFermatEulerGoldbachDiscrete MathematicsSet TheoryLogicCombinatoricsGraph TheoryConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnote
Abstract Algebraic StructuresGroupsRingsFieldsDiophantine EquationsMatrix MathMatrix Addition and MultiplicationMatrix TranspositionSubmatrixIdentity MatrixAlgorithmsBasic AlgorithmsSorting AlgorithmsP vs. NPHistory HighlightsAncient Mediterranean AlgebraAncient Chinese AlgebraAncient Arabic AlgebraImportant MathematiciansConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnote
Cryptographic KeysFeistel FunctionUnbalanced FeistelPseudo-Hadamard TransformMDS MatrixLuciferDES3DESS-Box and P-BoxGOSTBlowfishTwofishSkipjackCASTFEALMARSTEALOKI97CamelliaICESimonSymmetric MethodsECBCBCPCBCCFBConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
Replacing DESAdvanced Encryption StandardRijndael StepsRijndael OutlineRijndael S-BoxRijndael Key ScheduleSerpent AlgorithmSerpent S-Boxes and Key ScheduleThe Serpent AlgorithmSquareSHARKSAFER CiphersThe Round FunctionKey ScheduleKHAZADNESSIEStream CiphersLFSRRC4FISHeSTREAMA5One-Time PadConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
Why Study S-Box Design?Critical to Block CiphersDesigning CiphersAltering S-BoxesGeneral Facts about S-BoxesTypes of S-BoxesDesign ConsiderationsThe DES S-BoxThe Actual S-Boxes for DESThe Rijndael S-BoxThe Irreducible PolynomialMultiplicative InverseAffine TransformationGenerating the S-BoxChanging the Rijndael S-BoxConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
What Is a Cryptographic Hash?How Are Cryptographic Hashes Used?Message IntegrityPassword StorageForensic IntegrityMerkle-DamgårdSpecific AlgorithmsChecksumsMD5SHARIPEMDTigerHAVALWhirlpoolSkeinFSBGOSTAttacks on HashesSaltMAC and HMACConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
What Is Asymmetric Cryptography?RSAThe Rabin CryptosystemDiffie-HellmanElGamalMQVOptimal Asymmetric Encryption PaddingCramer-ShoupApplicationsKey ExchangeDigital SignaturesDigital CertificatesSSL/TLSHomomorphic EncryptionConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnote
General OverviewWhat Is an Elliptic Curve?Basic Operations on Elliptic CurvesThe AlgorithmECC VariationsECC Diffie-HellmanElliptic Curve Digital Signature AlgorithmConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
What Makes a Good PRNG?(Desirable) Properties of Pseudo-random NumbersTests of RandomnessStandards for PRNGSpecific AlgorithmsMiddle-Square AlgorithmLinear Congruential GeneratorMersenne TwisterBlum Blum ShubYarrowFortunaDual_EC_DRBGThe Marsaglia CD-ROMImproving PRNGsShufflingCryptographic HashConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
Digital SignaturesDirect SignatureArbitrated Digital SignatureDigital CertificatesX.509PGPPublic-Key Infrastructure X.509SSL and TLS Protocol BasicsHistoryThe Handshake Step-by-StepSSL/TLS ApplicationsConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
AuthenticationCHAPEAPKerberosNTLMPPTPPPTP vs. PPPPPTP AuthenticationPPTP EncryptionL2TPIPSecIKE Phase 1IKE Phase 2SSL/TLSOther Secure CommunicationsSSHWi-Fi EncryptionConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
NSA and CryptographyNSA Cryptographic StandardsThe Modern Role of the NSAU.S. Cryptography Laws and RegulationsCryptography in Other NationsInternational Regulations and AgreementsCryptography and MalwareWeaponized MalwareCyber-WarfareTORConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
Steganography BasicsSteganography HistorySteganography Methods and ToolsSteganographic MethodsSteganographic ToolsCurrent Uses of SteganographySteganalysisDistributed SteganographyTotal Blocks and Block OrderConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
Classic Cryptanalysis MethodsFrequency AnalysisKasiski ExaminationModern MethodsLinear CryptanalysisDifferential CryptanalysisIntegral CryptanalysisMod n CryptanalysisAsymmetric Cryptanalysis and RSAGeneral Rules for CryptanalysisRainbow TablesThe Birthday ParadoxOther MethodsOther PasswordsRelated DataSpywareSide-Channel AttackResourcesConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
What Are Cryptographic Backdoors?General PropertiesExamples of BackdoorsOther Ways to Compromise CryptographyHeartbleed BugKey EscrowThe Prevalence of BackdoorsGovernmental ApproachPrivate Citizen/Group ApproachCountermeasuresConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes
Cryptography and the CloudWhat Is the Cloud?Cryptography Options for the CloudHomomorphic CryptographyRSAGoldwasser–MicaliPaillierQuantum CryptographyWhat Is Quantum Mechanics?Quantum Key DistributionBreaking Quantum CodeConclusionsTest Your KnowledgeAnswersEndnotes

Content preview from Modern Cryptography: Applied Mathematics for Encryption and Information Security

19The Future of Cryptography

In this chapter we will cover the following:

Cryptography and the cloud

Homomorphic cryptography

Quantum cryptography

In the preceding 18 chapters, you have learned about the development of cryptography from ancient times (Scytale, Caesar, Atbash, and so on) through modern times (AES, Serpent, RSA, ECC, and so on). But what does the future hold for cryptography? It is always difficult to predict the future trends ...